The MAP_PRIVATE and MAP_SHARED flags control the visibility of modifications to the mapped file or shared memory region. One of these flags must be selected.

If MAP_SHARED is set in the flags argument:

• If the region is a mapped region, modifications to the region are visible to other processes that mapped the same region using MAP_SHARED.
• If the region is a mapped file region, modifications to the region are written to the file. (Note that the modifications are not immediately written to the file because of buffer cache delay; that is, the write to the file does not occur until there is a need to reuse the buffer cache. If the modifications must be written to the file immediately, use the msync function to ensure that this is done.)

If MAP_PRIVATE is set in the flags argument:

• Modifications to the mapped region by the calling process are not visible to other processes that mapped the same region using either MAP_PRIVATE or MAP_SHARED.
• Modifications to the mapped region by the calling process are not written to the file.

It is unspecified whether modifications by processes that mapped the region using MAP_SHARED are visible to other processes that mapped the same region using MAP_PRIVATE.

The prot argument specifies access permissions for the mapped region. Specify one of the following:

PROT_NONE	No access
PROT_READ	Read-only
PROT_WRITE	Read/Write access

After the successful completion of the mmap function, you can close the filedes argument without effect on the mapped region or on the contents of the mapped file. Each mapped region creates a file reference, similar to an open file descriptor, that prevents the file data from being deallocated.

Modifications made to the file using the write function are visible to mapped regions, and modifications to a mapped region are visible with the read function.

See also read , write , open , fopen , creat , and sysconf in this section.

Return Values

x

The address where the mapping is placed.

MAP_FAILED

Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values: EACCES -- The file referred to by filedes is not open for read access, or the file is not open for write access and PROT_WRITE was set for a MAP_SHARED mapping operation. EBADF -- The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor. EINVAL --The flags or prot argument is invalid, or the addr argument or off argument is not a multiple of the page size returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) . Or MAP_ANONYMOUS was specified in flags and filedes is not --1. ENODEV -- The file descriptor filedes refers to an object that cannot be mapped, such as a terminal. ENOMEM -- There is not enough address space to map len bytes. ENXIO -- The addresses specified by the range [ off, off + len] are invalid for filedes. EFAULT -- The addr argument is an invalid address.

Returns the positive fractional part of its first argument and assigns the integer part, expressed as an object of type double , to the object whose address is specified by the second argument.

Format

#include <math.h>

double modf (double value, double *iptr);

Arguments

value

Must be an object of type double .

iptr

A pointer to an object of type double .

Change the current cursor position on the specified window to the coordinates (y,x). The move function acts on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int move (int y, int x);

int wmove (WINDOW *win, int y, int x);

Arguments

win

A pointer to the window.

y

A window coordinate.

x

A window coordinate.

Description

For more information, see the scrollok function in this section.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates that the function makes the screen scroll illegally.

Modifies access protections of memory mapping.

Format

#include <mman.h>

int mprotect (void *addr, size_t len, int prot);

Arguments

addr

The address of the region that you want to modify.

len

The length in bytes of the region that you want to modify.

prot

Access permission, as defined in the <mman.h> header file. Specify either PROT_NONE, PROT_READ, or PROT_WRITE.

Description

This function modifies the access protection of a mapped file or shared memory region.

The addr and len arguments specify the address and length in bytes of the region that you want to modify. The len argument must be a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) . If len is not a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) , the length of the region is rounded up to the next multiple of the page size.

The prot argument specifies access permissions for the mapped region. Specify one of the following:

PROT_NONE	No access
PROT_READ	Read-only
PROT_WRITE	Read/Write access

The mprotect function does not modify the access permission of any region that lies outside of the specified region, except that the effect on addresses between the end of the region, and the end of the page containing the end of the region, is unspecified.

If the mprotect function fails under a condition other than that specified by EINVAL, the access protection of some of the pages in the range [addr, addr + len] can change. Suppose the error occurs on some page at an addr2; mprotect can modify protections of all whole pages in the range [addr, addr2].

See also sysconf in this section.

Return Values

0	Indicates success.
--1	Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values: EACCESS -- The prot argument specifies a protection that conflicts with the access permission set for the underlying file. EINVAL -- The prot argument is invalid, or the addr argument is not a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) . EFAULT -- The range [ addr, addr + len] includes an invalid address.

Generates uniformly distributed pseudorandom number sequences. Returns 48-bit signed long integers.

Format

#include <stdlib.h>

long int mrand48 (void);

Description

This function generates pseudorandom numbers using the linear congruential algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic.

It returns signed long integers uniformly distributed over the range of y values such that -2³¹ <= y < 2³¹ .

Before you call the mrand48 function, use either srand48 , seed48 , or lcong48 to initialize the random number generator. You must initialize the mrand48 function prior to invoking it, because it stores the last 48-bit Xi generated into an internal buffer. (Although it is not recommended, constant default initializer values are supplied automatically if the drand48 , lrand48 , or mrand48 functions are called without first calling an initialization function.)

The function works by generating a sequence of 48-bit integer values, Xi, according to the linear congruential formula:

Xn+1 = (aXn+c)mod m n >= 0

The argument m equals 2⁴⁸ , so 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. Unless you invoke the lcong48 function, the multiplier value a and the addend value c are:

a = 5DEECE66D16 = 2736731631558 c = B16 = 138

The values returned by the mrand48 function is computed by first generating the next 48-bit Xi in the sequence. Then the appropriate bits, according to the type of returned data item, are copied from the high-order (most significant) bits of Xi and transformed into the returned value.

See also drand48 , lrand48 , lcong48 , seed48 , and srand48 in this section.

Return Values

n	Returns signed long integers uniformly distributed over the range -2 31 <= y < 2 31 .

Synchronizes a mapped file.

Format

#include <mman.h>

int msync (void *addr, size_t len, int flags);

Arguments

addr

The address of the region that you want to synchronize.

len

The length in bytes of the region that you want to synchronize.

flags

One of the following symbolic constants defined in the <mman.h> header file:

MS_SYNC	Synchronous cache flush
MS_ASYNC	Asynchronous cache flush
MS_INVALIDATE	Invalidate cashed pages

Description

This function controls the caching operations of a mapped file region. Use msync to:

• Ensure that modified pages in the region transfer to the underlying storage device of the file.
• Control the visibility of modifications with respect to file system operations.

The addr and len arguments specify the region to be synchronized. The len argument must be a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) ; otherwise, the length of the region is rounded up to the next multiple of the page size.

If the flags argument is set to:

flags Argument	Then the msync Function...
MS_SYNC	Does not return until the system completes all I/O operations.
MS_ASYNC	Returns after the system schedules all I/O operations.
MS_INVALIDATE	Invalidates all cached copies of the pages. The operating system must obtain new copies of the pages from the file system the next time the application references them.

After a successful call to the msync function with the flags argument set to:

• MS_SYNC -- All previous modifications to the mapped region are visible to processes using the read argument. Previous modifications to the file using the write function are lost.
• MS_INVALIDATE -- All previous modifications to the file using the write function are visible to the mapped region. Previous direct modifications to the mapped region are lost.

See also read , write , and sysconf in this section.

Return Values

0

Indicates success.

--1

Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values: EIO -- An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system. ENOMEM -- The range specified by [ addr, addr + len] is invalid for a process' address space, or the range specifies one or more unmapped pages. EINVAL -- The addr argument is not a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) . EFAULT -- The range [ addr, addr + len] includes an invalid address.

Unmaps a mapped region.

Format

#include <mman.h>

int munmap (void *addr, size_t len);

Arguments

addr

The address of the region that you want to unmap.

len

The length in bytes of that region the you want to unmap.

Description

This function unmaps a mapped file or shared memory region.

The addr and len arguments specify the address and length in bytes, respectively, of the region to be unmapped.

The len argument must be a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) ; otherwise, the length of the region is rounded up to the next multiple of the page size.

The result of using an address that lies in an unmapped region and not in any subsequently mapped region is undefined.

See also sysconf in this section.

Return Values

0	Indicates success.
--1	Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values: ENIVAL -- The addr argument is not a multiple of the page size as returned by sysconf(_sc_page_size) . EFAULT -- The range [ addr, addr + len] includes an invalid address.

Move the cursor to coordinates (y,x) and add a character to the specified window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int mvaddch (int y, int x, char ch);

int mvwaddch (WINDOW *win, int y, int x, char ch);

Arguments

win

A pointer to the window.

y

A window coordinate.

x

A window coordinate.

ch

If this argument is a new-line character (\n), the mvaddch and mvwaddch functions clear the line to the end, and move the cursor to the next line at the same x coordinate. A carriage return (\r) moves the cursor to the beginning of the specified line. A tab (\t) moves the cursor to the next tabstop within the window.

Description

This routine performs the same function as mvwaddch , but on the stdscr window.

When mvwaddch is used on a subwindow, it writes the character onto the underlying window as well.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates that writing the character would cause the screen to scroll illegally. For more information, see the scrollok function in this section.

Move the cursor to coordinates (y,x) and add the specified string, to which str points, to the specified window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int mvaddstr (int y, int x, char *str);

int mvwaddstr (WINDOW *win, int y, int x, char *str);

Arguments

win

A pointer to the window.

y

A window coordinate.

x

A window coordinate.

str

A pointer to the character string.

Description

This routine performs the same function as mvwaddstr , but on the stdscr window.

When mvwaddstr is used on a subwindow, the string is written onto the underlying window as well.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates that the function causes the screen to scroll illegally, but it places as much of the string onto the window as possible. For more information, see the scrollok function in this section.

Moves the terminal's cursor from (lasty,lastx) to (newy,newx).

Format

#include <curses.h>

int mvcur (int lasty, int lastx, int newy, int newx);

Arguments

lasty

The cursor position.

lastx

The cursor position.

newy

The resulting cursor position.

newx

The resulting cursor position.

Description

In Compaq C for OpenVMS Systems, mvcur and move perform the same function.

See also move in this section.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates that moving the window put part or all of the window off the edge of the terminal screen. The terminal screen remains unaltered.

Move the cursor to coordinates (y,x) and delete the character on the specified window. The mvdelch function acts on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int mvdelch (int y, int x);

int mvwdelch (WINDOW *win, int y, int x);

Arguments

win

A pointer to the window.

y

A window coordinate.

x

A window coordinate.

Description

Each of the following characters on the same line shifts to the left, and the last character becomes blank.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates that deleting the character would cause the screen to scroll illegally. For more information, see the scrollok function in this section.

privacy and legal statement