Search Error Messages

Sometimes a Bookreader search generates error messages. When Bookreader encounters errors during a search, it displays all the error messages in the Search Messages Box at the conclusion of the search.

Using LinkWorks Features

Bookreader supports LinkWorks features. Through the Link menu, you can make and follow links between pieces of information (linkable objects). The linked information can be another Bookreader object or an object accessed by any other application that supports LinkWorks.

Bookreader's linkable objects are:

• Any book or library
• Any title in the Navigation window
• Any section in the Topic window

For example, you can link the title of a book to a section of the same book or another book. You can link a section of a book to a Cardfiler card or a Calendar timeslot. However, you cannot link a sentence or word within a paragraph to anything.

For information about linking Bookreader objects, choose Help Mode from the Help menu. When the pointer changes to a question mark, click on the Link menu.

Exiting Bookreader

To exit Bookreader, choose Exit from the Library window's File menu.

Calculator performs simple arithmetic functions---addition, subtraction, multiplication, division---and computes percentages and square roots. In addition, Calculator also performs trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, generates random numbers, and performs other more advanced operations.

Unlike a handheld calculator, DECwindows Motif Calculator has two displays. The top display is the accumulator, which shows the number being entered or the current result, and the bottom display is the memory.

This chapter describes how to

• Start Calculator
• Change from decimal mode to hexadecimal or octal mode
• Enter data
• Perform arithmetic functions
• Use the memory
• Perform special functions
• Transfer data to or from other applications
• Save customized settings
• Exit Calculator

Starting Calculator

To start Calculator, choose Calculator from the Session Manager's Applications menu. Calculator, in decimal mode, appears on your screen. You can move and change the size of the calculator window.

Changing the Mode

To change Calculator to hexadecimal mode, choose Hexadecimal from the Mode menu. Calculator, in hexadecimal mode, appears on your screen.

To change Calculator to octal mode, choose Octal from the Mode menu. Calculator, in octal mode, appears on your screen.

Entering Data

You can use Calculator with either the mouse or the keyboard.

• With the mouse, point to the appropriate button and click MB1.
• From the keyboard, press the keys listed in the following table.

When you enter data into the accumulator, notice that Calculator uses a radix separator (. or ,) to distinguish between entered digits and an operand. See what happens as you enter the following data:

1. Enter 1134 and notice that a radix separator does not appear in the accumulator.
2. Enter a plus sign (+). Calculator inserts a decimal point after the number 1134 to signify the completion of an operand.

Depending on the contents of the accumulator, you can use one of the following methods to correct mistakes in computation:

• To erase the last digits you entered into the accumulator, press the Delete key (<X|).
• To void the last operand entered, click on the CE button.
• To reverse the last operation, choose Undo from the Edit menu. For example, choose Undo to restore the last operand or to remove the previous paste operation.

Performing Arithmetic Functions

Calculator displays numbers in the range of plus or minus 99,999,999,999,999. Calculator performs all calculations in left-to-right order and treats operators with equal importance.

For example, to evaluate the equation 6 + 5 * 3:

1. Find the sum of 6 + 5.
   Calculator displays an 11.
2. Figure the product of 11 * 3.
   The result is 33.

Also note the way Calculator computes percentages. For example, to determine 6 percent of 195:

1. Enter 195.
   Calculator displays the number in the accumulator.
2. Enter * and Calculator inserts a decimal point.
3. Enter 6.
   The number 6 appears in the accumulator.
4. Enter %.
   The result, 11.7, appears in the accumulator.

Storing Values in Memory

Use the memory display to store results and values for later computation. The figure in memory starts as zero. You can add the contents of the accumulator to memory or subtract the contents of the accumulator from memory, using the M+ and M-- buttons, respectively. To enter the contents of memory into the accumulator, click on the MR button. Clear the contents of memory with the MC button.

Performing Special Functions

Calculator performs trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions as well as other special functions.

The special-function keys in decimal mode are as follows:

Key	Description
deg	Degree key. Selects the units for angular measurement. By default, Calculator is in degree mode. Clicking on the deg key places Calculator in the radian mode, which is indicated by the key label changing to "rad." Clicking on the key again places Calculator in gradient mode, which is indicated by the key label changing to "grad." The angular mode has no effect on Calculator unless the trigonometric functions are being used.
x!	Factorial key. Calculates the factorial (x)(x-1)(x-2)...(2)(1) of the displayed integer x, 0 <=x <=16.0!=1 by definition.
1/x	Reciprocal key. Divides the displayed value x into 1, if x is not 0.
Rnd	Random number generator key. Generates a random number between 1 and the integer of the display. It does not generate negative numbers or numbers less than 1.
Inv	Inversion key. By default, Calculator performs noninverted trigonometric functions. When you activate the inversion key by clicking on it (which is indicated by the key becoming darkened), Calculator performs inverted trigonometric, log, and exponent functions.
sin	Sine key. Instructs Calculator to find the sine (or arcsine if Inverse is on) of the displayed value.
cos	Cosine key. Instructs Calculator to find the cosine (or arccosine if Inverse is on) of the displayed value.
tan	Tangent key. Instructs Calculator to find the tangent (or arctangent if Inverse is on) of the displayed value.
log	Common logarithm key. Calculates the common logarithm (base 10) of the number x in the display, if x is greater than 0. If Inverse is on, calculates 10 to x.
ln	Natural logarithm key. Calculates the natural logarithm (base e) of the number x in the display, if x is greater than 0. If Inverse is on, calculates e to x.
<surd symbol>	Square root key. Calculates the square root of the number x in the display. The x value cannot be negative.
y^x	y to the xth power key. Raises the displayed value y to the xth power (or y to the 1/x power if Inverse is on). Order of entry is y y^x x. The y value cannot be negative, but both x and y can be fractionals.

The special-function keys in hexadecimal and octal modes are as follows:

Key	Description
Hexadecimal Mode
A	Enter hexadecimal number A (decimal 10).
B	Enter hexadecimal number B (decimal 11).
C	Enter hexadecimal number C (decimal 12).
D	Enter hexadecimal number D (decimal 13).
E	Enter hexadecimal number E (decimal 14).
F	Enter hexadecimal number F (decimal 15).
Hexadecimal and Octal Modes
and	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic AND (both propositions are true).
or	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic OR (either proposition is true or both propositions are true).
xor	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic XOR (either of the propositions is true).
nor	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic NOR (both propositions are false).
not	In Boolean algebra, calculates logic NOT (negation).
neg	In Boolean algebra, calculates NEG (the complement of x).

Copying Text

You can copy numbers from other applications into Calculator's accumulator and from Calculator's accumulator or memory into another application.

To transfer data from the active display in the calculator window to another application window, choose Copy from the Edit menu. For example:

1. Click on the accumulator display.
2. Enter a number into the accumulator.
3. Choose Copy from the Edit menu, or for greater speed, press and hold MB3 to display a pop-up menu and choose the Copy menu item.

Now you can paste the data to another application's window.

To copy data from another application, choose Paste from the Edit menu. The data can be copied directly from another window, or it can be the result of an equation copied from another window. Calculator treats the contents of a paste operation just as if you typed in the data from the keyboard.

Saving Customized Settings

If you change the screen placement and size of Calculator during a session and want to save those settings, choose Save Geometry from the File menu. The next time you start Calculator, the display reflects the new settings.

To restore the default size and placement of Calculator, choose Restore System Settings from the File menu.

Exiting Calculator

To exit Calculator, choose Exit from the File menu.