July 1997
| Software Version: | DIGITAL Fortran Version 7.1 or higher |
Digital Equipment Corporation
Maynard, Massachusetts
July 1997
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Possession, use, or copying of the software described in this publication is authorized only pursuant to a valid written license from Digital or an authorized sublicensor.
© Digital Equipment Corporation 1997. All Rights Reserved.
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1 DIGITAL Fortran Documentation and Online Information
1.2 Online Documentation Locations on the Software Product Library CD-ROM Set
1.3 Online Release Notes and Help Files
1.3.2 DIGITAL Fortran 90 DCL HELP
1.3.3 DIGITAL Fortran 77 DCL HELP
1.5 The DIGITAL Fortran 77 Documentation Set
1.6 Ordering Printed Documentation
1.7 Documentation Corrections and Additions
1.8 Using Internet Mail for Documentation Feedback
The previous DEC Fortran and DEC Fortran 90 products are now combined into a single product called DIGITAL Fortran.
This document uses the following new or changed product name terminology:
Both DIGITAL Fortran compilers recognize the Product Authorization Key (PAK) for either DIGITAL Fortran 90 or DIGITAL Fortran 77. For example, if you have a DIGITAL Fortran 77 PAK, you can begin using the DIGITAL Fortran 90 compiler.
If you have Internet access and a World Wide Web (WWW) viewer, you are welcome to view the following:
Installation-related DIGITAL Fortran documentation is available online on the Software Product Library media CD-ROM set. The DIGITAL Fortran installation guide, cover letter, and Software Product Description (SPD) apply to both DIGITAL Fortran 90 and DIGITAL Fortran 77.
Bookreader versions of the DIGITAL Fortran 90 (formerly DEC Fortran 90) documentation and DIGITAL Fortran 77 (formerly DEC Fortran) documentation are provided on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM you are now accessing.
Online DIGITAL Fortran for OpenVMS Alpha systems documentation is available online on the two Layered Product CD-ROM devices:
The Software Product Library CD-ROM set contains the following:
On the Software Product Library CD-ROM set, the main DIGITAL Fortran directory is [ALPHA_FORT071] for Version 7.1.
To locate the correct CD-ROM and the DIGITAL Fortran directory in the Software Product Library CD-ROM set, see the CD-ROM master index file (in the [README] directory on the first CD-ROM) or use the CDMENU utility.
Once you locate and mount the correct CD-ROM, you can use a DIRECTORY command to view the files in the following DIGITAL Fortran directories:
Contains the installation kit for this version of DIGITAL Fortran, in the form of PCSI product distribution files.
Contains the documentation files for the DIGITAL Fortran installation guide, cover letter, Software Product Description (SPD) in PostScript (.ps file type) and ASCII (.txt file type) form.)
For information on the CDMENU utility and the CD-ROM files on the Software Product Library CD-ROM set, see the online Software Product Library CD-ROM User's Guide, which is provided on the first Software Product Library CD-ROM in the [README] directory.
For installation instructions, see the DIGITAL Fortran installation guide.
DIGITAL Fortran provides the following online information, which is copied to the user's system during installation:
The DIGITAL Fortran online release notes provide more information on this version of DIGITAL Fortran.
To display or print the DIGITAL Fortran release notes before you install the DIGITAL Fortran Run-Time Library, DIGITAL Fortran 90, or DIGITAL Fortran 77, see the DIGITAL Fortran installation guide, Chapter 2.
After one or both of the DIGITAL Fortran compilers have been installed, the online release notes can be displayed on the screen using the TYPE command:
$ TYPE/PAGE SYS$HELP:FORTRAN.RELEASE_NOTES
Other forms of the release notes (PostScript and Bookreader) are also provided, using the file name:
SYS$HELP:FORTRAN_RELEASE_NOTES.*
The DIGITAL Fortran 90 DCL HELP module in SYS$LIBRARY:HELPLIB.HLB (the DIGITAL Fortran 90 help file) provides online access to DIGITAL Fortran 90 help, including F90 command qualifiers, error message descriptions, a summary of the language elements (statements, intrinsic functions, and so on), a glossary, and other information.
To view the online DIGITAL Fortran 90 help file using the HELP command, type:
$ HELP F90
You can specify topics to navigate the help hierarchy. For example, to display the mnemonics of all DIGITAL Fortran 90 run-time diagnostic messages, type:
$ HELP F90 RUN_TIME
You can abbreviate the HELP command words. For instance, to specify a particular error mnemonic, you might use the following command:
$ HELP F90 RUN FORVARMIS
The DIGITAL Fortran 77 DCL HELP module in SYS$LIBRARY:HELPLIB.HLB (the DIGITAL Fortran 77 help file) provides online access to DIGITAL Fortran 77 help, including FORTRAN command qualifiers, error message descriptions, a summary of the language elements (statements, intrinsic functions, and so on), a glossary, and other information.
To view the online DIGITAL Fortran 77 help file using the HELP command, type:
$ HELP FORTRAN
You can specify topics to navigate the help hierarchy. For example, to display the mnemonics of all DIGITAL Fortran 77 compiler source diagnostic messages, type:
$ HELP FORTRAN ERROR RUN_TIME
You can abbreviate the HELP command words. For instance, to specify a particular error mnemonic, you might use the following command:
$ HELP FORT ERR RUN FILNOTFOU
Depending on how you order the DIGITAL Fortran 90 product, you may receive printed copies of the following DIGITAL Fortran 90 manuals:
Last revised for Version 7.1A (April 1997 appears on the inside title page).
Describes the DIGITAL Fortran 90 source language for reference purposes, including the format of statements, intrinsic functions, and other language elements. It also provides an overview of new Fortran 90 features (not available in FORTRAN-77).
Language differences among various DIGITAL Fortran 90 platforms (OpenVMS Alpha, DIGITAL UNIX Alpha, and DIGITAL Visual Fortran for Windows NTTM and Windows 95®) are also identified.
It identifies extensions to the Fortran 90 standard by blue color in the printed document and by shading in Bookreader and this color in HTML. When using Bookreader Version 4.0, note that the shading of extensions may be inaccurate.
This document is provided in Bookreader form and HTML form on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM set. When using Bookreader Version 4.0, note that the shading of extensions may be inaccurate.
Last revised for Version 2.0 (April 1995 on the inside title page). The online Bookreader version was revised for Version 7.0 to fix some minor corrections, but does not describe new Version 7.0 features.
Describes the development and run-time environment for the DIGITAL Fortran 90 programmer working on the OpenVMS Alpha operating system, including the F90 command and its qualifiers, the linker (LINK command), the OpenVMS debugger, performance guidelines.
It also explains DIGITAL Fortran 90 I/O, error handling and run-time messages, native data characteristics, using nonnative numeric formats, the language interface with the calling standard, using indexed files and RMS, interprocess communication, writing a condition handler, example programs that call RTL routines and system services, and compatibility with DIGITAL Fortran 77.
This document is provided in Bookreader form on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM set.
Last revised for Version 7.0 (April 1996 appears on the inside title page). (The online DIGITAL Fortran installation guide was revised for Version 7.1)
Explains how to install DIGITAL Fortran and its Run-Time Library on an OpenVMS Alpha system using the PRODUCT INSTALL command, including registering a license PAK (product authorization key), disk space and other prerequisites, and performance information about compiling and running large DIGITAL Fortran programs.
This installation guide is provided in PostScript form (.ps file type) and in plain ASCII form (.txt file type) on the Software Product Library CD-ROM; it is also provided in Bookreader and HTM form on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM set.
Provides product information about this version of DIGITAL Fortran, information about the media CD-ROMs, the minimum operating system version, and other information. The letter may contain installation information and should be read before installing DIGITAL Fortran.
This cover letter is provided in PostScript form (.ps file type) and in plain ASCII form (.txt file type) on the Software Product Library CD-ROM set. The printed cover letter is available only with the printed documentation kit-it is not individually orderable.
The DIGITAL Fortran installation guide and cover letter apply to both DIGITAL Fortran 90 and DIGITAL Fortran 77.
You can order these documents in printed form from DIGITAL as an entire kit or individually (except for the cover letter).
Online help is also available (see Section 1.3).
Depending on how you order the DIGITAL Fortran 77 product, you may receive printed copies of the following DIGITAL Fortran 77 manuals:
Last revised for Version 6.3 (February 1995 appears on the inside title page).
Describes the DIGITAL Fortran 77 source language for reference purposes, including the format of statements, intrinsic functions, directives, and other language elements. Extensions to the ANSI FORTRAN-77 standard are identified by blue color in the printed document and by shading in Bookreader. Language differences among various DIGITAL Fortran 77 platforms (OpenVMS Alpha, OpenVMS VAX, DIGITAL UNIX Alpha, and Windows NTTM Alpha) are also identified.
This document is provided in Bookreader form on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM set. When using Bookreader Version 4.0, note that the shading of extensions may be inaccurate.
Last revised for Version 6.0 (October 1992 on the inside title page).
Describes the development and run-time environment for the DIGITAL Fortran 77 programmer working on the OpenVMS Alpha (AXP) operating system, including the FORTRAN command and its qualifiers, the linker (LINK command), and the OpenVMS debugger.
It also explains DIGITAL Fortran I/O, the language interface with the calling standard, error handling and run-time messages, using structures and records, writing a condition handler, native data characteristics, using nonnative numeric formats, example programs that call RTL routines and system services, and compatibility with other products (VAX FORTRAN and FORTRAN IV).
This document is provided in Bookreader form on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM set.
Last revised for Version 7.0 (April 1996 appears on the inside title page). (The online DIGITAL Fortran installation guide was revised for Version 7.1)
Explains how to install DIGITAL Fortran and its Run-Time Library on an OpenVMS Alpha system using the PRODUCT INSTALL command, including registering a license PAK (product authorization key), disk space and other prerequisites, and performance information about compiling and running large DIGITAL Fortran programs.
This installation guide is provided in PostScript form (.ps file type) and in plain ASCII form (.txt file type) on the Software Product Library CD-ROM set; it is also provided in Bookreader and HTML form on the Online Documentation Library CD-ROM set.
Provides product information about this version of DIGITAL Fortran, information about the media CD-ROMs, the minimum operating system version, and other information. The letter may contain installation information and should be read before installing DIGITAL Fortran.
This cover letter is provided in PostScript form (.ps file type) and in plain ASCII form (.txt file type) on the Software Product Library CD-ROM set. The printed cover letter is available only with the printed documentation kit-it is not individually orderable.
The DIGITAL Fortran installation guide and cover letter apply to both DIGITAL Fortran 90 and DIGITAL Fortran 77.
You can order the these documents in printed form from DIGITAL as an entire kit or individually (except for the cover letter).
Online help is also available (see Section 1.3).
To order the complete printed DIGITAL Fortran 90 documentation set, specify the order number QA-MV1AA-GZ. You can also order individual documents (see Section 1.4 for order numbers).
To order the complete printed DIGITAL Fortran 77 documentation set, specify the order number QA-MV1AB-GZ. You can also order individual documents (see Section 1.5 for order numbers).
To order printed documentation from DIGITAL, see the "How to Order Additional Documentation" page in the back of a recently printed DIGITAL software document or use these guidelines:
In the online DIGITAL Fortran installation guide (revised for Version 7.1.), there are no known corrections. In the printed version:
These corrections have been made to online CD-ROM versions of the installation guide.
For corrections to the DEC Fortran 90 Language Reference Manual and the DEC Fortran 90 User Manual for OpenVMS Alpha Systems, see the online release notes.
The following known corrections apply to the DIGITAL Fortran Language Reference Manual (available in HTML form) :
A floating-point value of minus zero (-0.0) can now be printed. (Not yet implemented.)
On output, when using I, B, O, Z, and F edit descriptors, the specified value of the field width can be zero. In such cases, the compiler selects the smallest possible positive actual field width that does not result in the field being filled with asterisks (*). (Not yet implemented.)
The following known corrections apply to the DEC Fortran Language Reference Manual:
The FORTRAN-77 standard does not specify what the default BLANK value should be for preconnected units or internal files. DIGITAL Fortran for OpenVMS (both VAX and Alpha) has chosen 'ZERO' in order to preserve compatibility with programs depending on the FORTRAN-66 behavior which was to always treat blanks as zeroes. However, the Fortran 90 standard explicitly specifies the default for internal files as 'NULL', which conflicts with the default used by DIGITAL Fortran for OpenVMS (which conforms to FORTRAN-77). The Fortran 90 standard does not specify the default BLANK= behavior for preconnected units. The result is that programs which depend on a particular implementation's defaults for BLANK= may produce unexpected results on other platforms or when compiled using Fortran 90.
This issue can be especially troublesome when a program depends on short field termination (see section 8.8 of DEC Fortran Language Reference Manual) and is compiled using a Fortran 90 compiler which, by default, blank pads short records.
To avoid problems caused by inconsistencies in the default, DIGITAL recommends adding an explicit BN or BZ format edit descriptor, as desired, in the format used for internal READ or DECODE statements. For preconnected units, BN or BZ should also be added, or these units can be explicitly opened so that the BLANK= behavior is consistent.
New qualifiers may be specified on the OPTIONS directive.
The following corrections and additions for the DEC Fortran User Manual for OpenVMS AXP Systems result from software changes or documentation corrections:
| Section and Pages | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Section 1.2.3, Pages 1-5 to 1-8 | Addition | New qualifiers have been added, as listed in the release notes and described using the command HELP FORTRAN. |
| Section 1.2.3, Page 1-15 | Change | The description of the /CONVERT=NATIVE keyword has changed. Replace first sentence under "NATIVE" in Section 1.2.3.5 with: "Specifies that no conversion is performed." |
| Section 1.2.3.29, Page 1-31 | Addition | For an implicit file open or internal file open, the /VMS qualifier now changes the OPEN statement BLANK keyword default to 'ZERO', For an explicit file open, the default is always 'NULL'. For more information, use the command HELP FORTRAN. |
| Section 2.1.2.1, Pages 2-5 to 2-6 | Change | The default for the Linker qualifier /[NO]NATIVE is /NATIVE, not /NONATIVE. To allow translated image interoperability, you must now specify /NONATIVE. Under the heading "The /NATIVE_ONLY Qualifier," to allow interoperability with called translated shared images, you must now specify /NONATIVE. |
| Section 8.1.2, Pages 8-3 to 8-5 | Change | The
information in the linker options file is incorrect. On the LINK
/SHARE command (page 8-3) the options file should specify PSECT_
ATTR=WORK_AREA,SHR.
On the LINK command for the executable image (page 8-4), the options file should contain the right name and an additional line to define the program section attributes: PSECT_ATTR=WORK_AREA,SHR INC_COMMON/SHAREABLE Additional text should be added to indicate:
|
| Section A.1 Page A-1 to A-14 | Change | For those using DIGITAL Fortran Version 6.0 for OpenVMS VAX Systems (replaces VAX FORTRAN Version 5.9), replace references to the VAX FORTRAN User Manual with the DEC Fortran User Manual for OpenVMS VAX Systems. |
| Section A.1.1.2, Page A-4 | Addition | Add the following text as separate item in the list near the top of the page: "Certain DIGITAL Fortran 77 PSECT attributes differ from VAX FORTRAN. For information on DIGITAL Fortran 77 PSECT attributes, see Section 10.2." |
| Section A.1.3, Pages A-12 | Change | The default for the Linker qualifier /[NO]NATIVE is now /NATIVE, not /NONATIVE. To allow translated image interoperability with called shared images, you must now specify /NONATIVE on the LINK command line. |
| Section B.5, Page B-10 | Change | In the heading and text in Section B.5.2.1, replace REAL*4 with REAL*8. |
| Section C.1, Page C-2 | Change | In the first sentence after the table, change the text to: "The OPEN statement CONVERT keyword supports the NATIVE keyword value to specify that no conversion is performed." |
| Section C.2, Page C-6 | Change | The examples that use the logical name FOR$CONVERT should use a leading zero (0) before the numbers near the end of the logical name. Replace FOR$CONVERT28 with FOR$CONVERT028 and FOR$CONVERT29 with FOR$CONVERT029. |
| Section D.1.2, Page D-5 | Deletion | There is no longer a limit for the number of named common blocks. Delete the line in Table D-1 that says the limit of Named common blocks is 250. |
| Section F.4, Page F-8 | Change | In the second sentence, change the words "must first be installed." to "must be run first.". |
| Section F.4, Pages F-8 to F-12 | Change | The example of sharing data is correct, but should use the SOLITARY linker option (in the linker options file PAGEFIL.OPT) to preserve local data. For more information, see the OpenVMS Alpha operating system documentation set. |
DIGITAL appreciates your comments. If you have any comments or suggestions about DIGITAL Fortran documentation, please feel free to send Internet mail containing your specific comments to:
fortran_docs@zko.mts.dec.com