Deactivate the boldface attribute for the specified window. The standend function operates on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int standend (void);

int wstandend (WINDOW *win);

Argument

win

A pointer to the window.

Description

The standend and wstandend functions are equivalent to clrattr and wclrattr called with the attribute _BOLD.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates an error.

Activate the boldface attribute of the specified window. The standout function acts on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int standout (void);

int wstandout (WINDOW *win);

Argument

win

A pointer to the window.

Description

The standout and wstandout functions are equivalent to setattr and wsetattr called with the attribute _BOLD.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates an error.

Accesses information about the specified file.

Format

#include <stat.h>

int stat (const char *file_spec, struct stat *buffer); (ISO POSIX-1)

int stat (const char *file_spec, struct stat *buffer, ...); (COMPAQ C EXTENSION)

Arguments

file_spec

A valid OpenVMS or UNIX style file specification (no wildcards). Read, write, or execute permission of the named file is not required, but you must be able to reach all directories listed in the file specification leading to the file. For more information about UNIX style file specifications, see Chapter 1.

buffer

A pointer to a structure of type stat_t that is defined in the <stat.h> header file.

The argument receives information about the particular file. The members of the structure pointed to by buffer are described as follows:

Member	Type	Definition
st_dev	dev_t	Pointer to the physical device name
st_ino[3]	ino_t	Three words to receive the file ID
st_mode	mode_t	File "mode" (prot, dir,...)
st_nlink	nlink_t	For UNIX system compatibility only
st_uid	uid_t	Owner user ID
st_gid	gid_t	Group member: from st_uid
st_rdev	dev_t	UNIX system compatibility -- always 0
st_size	off_t	File size, in bytes
st_atime	time_t	File access time; always the same as st_mtime
st_mtime	time_t	Last modification time
st_ctime	time_t	File creation time
st_fab_rfm	char	Record format
st_fab_rat	char	Record attributes
st_fab_fsz	char	Fixed header size
st_fab_mrs	unsigned	Record size

The types dev_t , ino_t , off_t , mode_t , nlink_t , uid_t , gid_t , and time_t , are defined in the <stat.h> header file. However, when compiling for compatibility (/DEFINE=_DECC_V4_SOURCE), only dev_t , ino_t , and off_t are defined.

The off_t data type is either a 32-bit integer or 64-bit integer. The 64-bit interface allows for file sizes greater than 2 gigabytes, and can be selected at compile time by defining the _LARGEFILE feature-test macro:

CC/DEFINE=_LARGEFILE

As of OpenVMS Version 7.0, times are given in seconds since the Epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970).

The st_mode structure member is the status information mode defined in the <stat.h> header file. The st_mode bits are described as follows:

Bits	Constant	Definition
0170000	S_IFMT	Type of file
0040000	S_IFDIR	Directory
0020000	S_IFCHR	Character special
0060000	S_IFBLK	Block special
0100000	S_IFREG	Regular
0030000	S_IFMPC	Multiplexed char special
0070000	S_IFMPB	Multiplexed block special
0004000	S_ISUID	Set user ID on execution
0002000	S_ISGID	Set group ID on execution
0001000	S_ISVTX	Save swapped text even after use
0000400	S_IREAD	Read permission, owner
0000200	S_IWRITE	Write permission, owner
0000100	S_IEXEC	Execute/search permission, owner

...

An optional default file-name string.

This is the only optional RMS keyword that can be specified for the stat function. See the description of the creat function for the full list of optional RMS keywords and their values.

Description

This function does not work on remote network files.

If the file is a record file, the st_size field includes carriage-control information. Consequently, the st_size value will not correspond to the number of characters that can be read from the file.

The physical device name string referred to by the st_dev member of the stat structure is overwritten by the next stat call.

Note (ALPHA ONLY) On OpenVMS Alpha systems, the stat , fstat , utime , and utimes functions have been enhanced to take advantage of the new file-system support for POSIX-compliant file timestamps. This support is available only on ODS-5 devices on OpenVMS Alpha systems beginning with a version of OpenVMS Alpha after Version 7.3. Before this change, the stat and fstat functions were setting the values of the st_ctime, st_mtime, and st_atime fields based on the following file attributes: st_ctime - ATR$C_CREDATE (file creation time) st_mtime - ATR$C_REVDATE (file revision time) st_atime - was always set to st_mtime because no support for file access time was available Also, for the file-modification time, utime and utimes were modifying the ATR$C_REVDATE file attribute, and ignoring the file-access-time argument. After the change, for a file on an ODS-5 device, the stat and fstat functions set the values of the st_ctime, st_mtime, and st_atime fields based on the following new file attributes: st_ctime - ATR$C_ATTDATE (last attribute modification time) st_mtime - ATR$C_MODDATE (last data modification time) st_atime - ATR$C_ACCDATE (last access time) If ATR$C_ACCDATE is zero, as on an ODS-2 device, the stat and fstat functions set st_atime to st_mtime. For the file-modification time, the utime and utimes functions modify both the ATR$C_REVDATE and ATR$C_MODDATE file attributes. For the file-access time, these functions modify the ATR$C_ACCDATE file attribute. Setting the ATR$C_MODDATE and ATR$C_ACCDATE file attributes on an ODS-2 device has no effect. For compatibility, the old behavior of stat , fstat , utime and utimes remains the default, regardless of the kind of device. The new behavior must be explicitly enabled by defining the DECC$EFS_FILE_TIMESTAMPS logical name to "ENABLE" before invoking the application. Setting this logical does not affect the behavior of stat , fstat , utime and utimes for files on an ODS-2 device.

Return Values

0	Indicates success.
--1	Indicates an error other than a privilege violation; errno is set to indicate the error.
--2	Indicates a privilege violation.

Does a case-insensitive comparison of two 7-bit ASCII strings.

Format

#include <strings.h>

int strcasecmp (const char *s1, const char *s2);

Arguments

s1

The first of two strings to compare.

s2

The second of two strings to compare.

Description

This function is case-insensitive. The returned lexicographic difference reflects a conversion to lowercase.

The strcasecmp function works for 7-bit ASCII compares only. Do not use this function for internationalized applications.

Return Values

n	An integer value greater than, equal to, or less than 0 (zero), depending on whether the s1 string is greater than, equal to, or less than the s2 string.

Concatenates str_2, including the terminating null character, to the end of str_1.

Format

#include <string.h>

char *strcat (char *str_1, const char *str_2);

Arguments

str_1, str_2

Pointers to null-terminated character strings.

Description

See also strncat in this section.

Return Value

x	The address of the first argument, str_1, which is assumed to be large enough to hold the concatenated result.

Example

#include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> /* This program concatenates two strings using the strcat */ /* function, and then manually compares the result of strcat */ /* to the expected result. */ #define S1LENGTH 10 #define S2LENGTH 8 main() { static char s1buf[S1LENGTH + S2LENGTH] = "abcmnexyz"; static char s2buf[] = " orthis"; static char test1[] = "abcmnexyz orthis"; int i; char *status; /* Take static buffer s1buf, concatenate static buffer */ /* s2buf to it, and compare the answer in s1buf with the */ /* static answer in test1. */ status = strcat(s1buf, s2buf); for (i = 0; i <= S1LENGTH + S2LENGTH - 2; i++) { /* Check for correct returned string. */ if (test1[i] != s1buf[i]) printf("error in strcat"); } }

Returns the address of the first occurrence of a given character in a null-terminated string. The terminating null character is considered to be part of the string.

Format

#include <string.h>

char *strchr (const char *str, int character);

Arguments

str

A pointer to a null-terminated character string.

character

An object of type int .

Description

See also strrchr in this section.

Return Values

x	The address of the first occurrence of the specified character.
NULL	Indicates that the character does not occur in the string.

Example

#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> main() { static char s1buf[] = "abcdefghijkl lkjihgfedcba"; int i; char *status; /* This program checks the strchr function by incrementally */ /* going through a string that ascends to the middle and then */ /* descends towards the end. */ for (i = 0; s1buf[i] != '\0' && s1buf[i] != ' '; i++) { status = strchr(s1buf, s1buf[i]); /* Check for pointer to leftmost character - test 1. */ if (status != &s1buf[i]) printf("error in strchr"); } }

Compares two ASCII character strings and returns a negative, 0, or positive integer, indicating that the ASCII values of the individual characters in the first string are less than, equal to, or greater than the values in the second string.

Format

#include <string.h>

int strcmp (const char *str_1, const char *str_2);

Arguments

str_1, str_2

Pointers to character strings.

Description

The strings are compared until a null character is encountered or until the strings differ.

Return Values

< 0	Indicates that str_1 is less than str_2.
= 0	Indicates that str_1 equals str_2.
> 0	Indicates that str_1 is greater than str_2.

Compares two strings and returns an integer that indicates if the strings differ and how they differ. The function uses the collating information in the LC_COLLATE category of the current locale to determine how the comparison is performed.

Format

#include <string.h>

int strcoll (const char *s1, const char *s2);

Arguments

s1, s2

Pointers to character strings.

Description

This function, unlike strcmp , compares two strings in a locale-dependent manner. Because no value is reserved for error indication, the application must check for one by setting errno to 0 before the function call and testing it after the call.

See also the strxfrm function is this section.

Return Values

< 0	Indicates that s1 is less than s2.
= 0	Indicates that the strings are equal.
> 0	Indicates that s1 is greater than s2.

Copies all of source, including the terminating null character, into dest.

Format

#include <string.h>

char *strcpy (char *dest, const char *source);

Arguments

dest

Pointer to the destination character string.

source

Pointer to the source character string.

Description

This function copies source into dest, and stops after copying source's null character.

The behavior of this function is undefined if the area pointed to by dest overlaps the area pointed to by source.

Return Value

x	The address of dest.

Returns the length of the prefix of a string that consists entirely of characters not in a specified set of characters.

Format

#include <string.h>

size_t strcspn (const char *str, const char *charset);

Arguments

str

A pointer to a character string. If this character string is a null string, 0 is returned.

charset

A pointer to a character string containing the set of characters.

Description

This function scans the characters in the string, stops when it encounters a character found in charset, and returns the length of the string's initial segment formed by characters not found in charset.

If none of the characters match in the character strings pointed to by str and charset, strcspn returns the length of string.

Return Value

x	The length of the segment.