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CONTENTS
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Technical Changes and New Features
1 Designing a Database
1.1 Analyzing Data and Transactions
1.2 Designing the Schema
1.3 Designing the Storage Schema
1.4 Designing Subschemas
1.5 Designing Security Schemas
1.6 Locking Considerations
1.7 Accessing Remote Databases Through DECnet-VAX
1.8 VAXcluster Considerations
1.9 Compiling the Database
1.10 Creating the Database
1.11 Testing the Database Design
1.12 Loading the Production Database
1.13 Creating the Sample PARTS Database
2 Analyzing Data and Transactions
2.1 Sample Database Background
2.2 Analyzing Data
2.2.1 Isolating Records and Data Items
2.2.2 Reducing Data Redundancy
2.2.3 Organizing Records into Sets
2.2.3.1 Using One-to-Many Relationships
2.2.3.2 Resolving Multiple One-to-Many Relationships
2.2.3.3 Resolving Many-to-Many Relationships
2.2.3.4 Resolving Reflexive Relationships
2.3 Analyzing Transactions
2.3.1 Parts and Components
2.3.2 Vendor Information
2.3.3 Responsible Employees
2.4 Final Database Model
3 Writing the Schema
3.1 Understanding Schemas
3.2 Defining the Schema
3.3 Defining Areas
3.4 Defining Records
3.4.1 Defining Storage Area Placement
3.4.2 Defining Data Items
3.4.3 Default Values
3.4.4 Repeating Data Items
3.4.5 Taking Advantage of Contiguous Moves
3.5 Defining Sets
3.5.1 Set Ownership and Membership
3.5.2 Participation in Multiple Sets
3.5.3 Set Insertion and Retention
3.5.3.1 AUTOMATIC FIXED Mode
3.5.3.2 AUTOMATIC MANDATORY Mode
3.5.3.3 AUTOMATIC OPTIONAL Mode
3.5.3.4 MANUAL FIXED Mode
3.5.3.5 MANUAL MANDATORY Mode
3.5.3.6 MANUAL OPTIONAL Mode
3.5.4 Ordering New Members
3.5.4.1 Unsorted Sets
3.5.4.2 Sorted Sets
3.6 Performing Validity Checks
3.6.1 Checking Data at the RECORD Level
3.6.2 Checking Data at the ITEM Level
3.6.3 Checking Data at the Set MEMBER Level
3.7 Ensuring Unique Data Items and Records for CALC Sets
4.1 Enhancing the Default Storage Schema
4.2 Optimizing Storage Schemas
4.2.1 Storage Records
4.2.1.1 CLUSTERED VIA Record Storage Placement Option
4.2.1.2 SCATTERED Record Storage Placement Option
4.2.1.3 Storing Data Items
4.2.2 Storage Sets
4.2.2.1 Storing CHAIN Sets for Serial Processing
4.2.2.2 Storing Records in CALC Sets for Direct-Access Processing
4.2.2.3 Storing INDEX Sets
4.2.2.4 Storage Set Mode Concerns and Restrictions
5 Writing Subschemas
5.1 Modifying the Default Subschema
5.2 Customizing Subschemas
5.2.1 Mapping Areas to Realms
5.2.2 Renaming Schema Entities
5.2.3 Defining Subschema Records
5.2.3.1 Data Type Equivalence and Conversion
5.2.3.2 Contiguous Moves
5.2.3.3 Other Data Type Considerations
5.2.3.4 GROUP Items
5.2.3.5 VAX DATATRIEVE Support
5.2.4 Defining Subschema Sets
6 Locking Considerations
6.1 Declaring Processing Intentions
6.1.1 Allow Modes
6.1.2 Access Modes
6.1.3 Usage Modes
6.1.4 BATCH Usage Modes
6.1.4.1 BATCH RETRIEVAL
6.1.4.2 BATCH UPDATE
6.1.5 Selecting the Appropriate Usage Mode
6.2 Adjustable Record Locking
6.2.1 Enabling and Customizing Adjustable Record Locking Levels
6.2.2 Read-Only Record Locks
6.2.3 No-Read Record Locks
6.2.4 Resolving Record Locking Conflicts
6.2.5 Handling Deadlock Conditions
6.2.6 Determining Whether Performance Problems Are Due to Locking
6.3 Adjustable Page Locking
6.4 Tips for Minimizing Lock Usage
7 Establishing Remote Access
7.1 Access Options and Security Considerations
7.1.1 Using Access Control Strings (ACSs)
7.1.2 Creating Proxy Logins
7.1.3 Creating a Common Account
7.1.4 Using the Default DECnet Account
7.1.5 Using Logical Names
7.2 Using Security Schemas
8 Compiling Schemas
8.1 Compiling DDL Source Files
8.1.1 Compiling with All Defaults
8.1.2 Using Default Compilations
8.2 Using DDL Compiler Options
8.2.1 Specifying Default Compilations
8.2.2 Listing a Compilation
8.2.3 Storing Compilations
8.2.4 Preventing Compilation Storage
8.2.5 Replacing an Existing Compilation
8.4 Generating Defaults from a Compiled Schema
8.5 Modifying Default Compilations
9 Determining Database Creation Parameters
9.1 Creating the Database
9.1.1 Naming the Root File
9.1.2 Defining Database Area and Snapshot Files
9.1.2.1 Naming Area Files
9.1.2.2 Naming Snapshot Files
9.1.3 Placing Database Files
9.1.4 Selecting Data Definitions
9.1.5 Enabling After-Image Journaling
9.2 Space Area Management
9.2.1 Understanding How DBCS Uses SPAM Pages
9.2.2 Understanding the Space Search Algorithm
9.2.3 Selecting Threshold Values for an Area
9.3 Data Transfer
9.3.1 Clustered I/O
9.3.2 Page Size
9.4 Buffer Pools
9.4.1 Viewing Buffers
9.4.2 Buffer Tuning
9.5 Sizing Storage Area Files
9.6 Snapshot Storage Areas
9.6.1 Using Snapshots
9.6.2 Benefits of Snapshots
9.6.3 Snapshot Characteristics
9.7 Using Concealed Logical Names
9.8 Loading and Restructuring Considerations
A Sample Schemas
A.1 PARTS Schema Definition
A.2 PARTS Default Subschema
A.3 PARTS Storage Schema Sample Definitions
A.3.1 PARTS Default Storage Schema
A.3.2 Edited PARTS Default Storage Schema
B Sample PARTS Database Subschema
B.1 PARTS Bachman Diagram
B.2 PARTSS1 Subschema
B.3 PARTSS2 Subschema
B.4 PARTSS3 Subschema
B.5 PARTSS4 Subschema
B.6 PARTSS5 Subschema
EXAMPLES
8- 1 Brief Listing using the DBO/REPORT/BRIEF Command
8- 2 Full Listing using the DBO/REPORT/FULL Command
9- 1 Database Header Dump
FIGURES
2- 1 Basic Model of Records in PARTS Database
2- 2 One-to-Many Relationship
2- 3 One-to-Many Relationship of RESPONSIBLE_FOR Set
2- 4 Two One-to-Many Relationships
2- 5 Combined One-to-Many Relationships
2- 6 Many-to-Many Relationships
2- 7 The SUPPLY Junction Record
2- 8 PART and QUOTE Relationship
2- 9 PART, QUOTE, VENDOR, and SUPPLY Relationships
2- 10 PART_INFO Forked Set
2- 11 Using a Forked Set to Collect Related Information
2- 12 Defining a Complex Relationship Without a Forked Set
2- 13 Reflexive Many-to-Many Relationship
2- 14 The COMPONENT Junction Record
2- 16 Bachman Diagram of PART, VENDOR, QUOTE, and SUPPLY Record
2- 17 Bachman Diagram of DIVISION, EMPLOYEE, and PART Records
2- 18 Final Database Model
3- 1 Schema Areas and Storage Areas
3- 2 DBQ Prompts
3- 3 The PART Record in Different Sets
3- 4 ORDER IS FIRST Mode
3- 5 ORDER IS LAST Mode
3- 6 ORDER IS NEXT Mode
3- 7 ORDER IS PRIOR Mode
3- 8 ORDER IS SORTED Mode
4- 1 Records Clustered Around the Owner of a Set
4- 2 CHAIN Mode
4- 3 Retrieval in CHAIN Set
4- 4 CALC Mode
4- 5 Retrieval in a CALC Set
4- 6 B-Tree Example
4- 7 Indexed Retrieval
5- 1 Areas and Realms
6- 1 Realm/Storage Area Readying Conflict
6- 2 Locking a Range of 1000 Pages
6- 3 Locking a Range of 100 Pages
6- 4 Locking a Range of 10 Pages
6- 5 Locking at the Individual Record Level
6- 6 Deadlock
6- 7 Database Pages Read into Run Unit A's Buffer
6- 8 Locks Demoted and Database Pages Read into Run Unit B's
9- 1 SPAM Intervals in Storage Area Using Defaults
9- 2 SPAM Intervals in Storage Area Using 400
9- 3 DBCS Buffer Management
9- 4 Buffer One
9- 5 Buffers Two Through Four
9- 6 Buffer Five
9- 7 Buffers Six Through Eight
9- 8 Buffers Nine and Ten
9- 9 Buffer One After Being Written to Disk
9- 10 Snapshot Transaction Time Line
B- 1 Bachman Diagram of PARTS Schema
TABLES
4- 1 Storage Set Mode Considerations
6- 1 Usage Mode Conflicts
6- 2 Locking Conflicts with Concurrent Run Units
9- 1 SPAM Threshold Codes
9- 2 Default Threshold Values