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Mixing the multithread programming model and the OpenVMS AST programming model in the same application is not recommended. The application has no mechanism to control which thread gets interrupted by an AST. This can result in a resource deadlock if the thread holds a resource that is also needed by the AST routine. The following routines use mutexes. To avoid a potential resource deadlock, do not call them from AST routines in a multithreaded application.
This section is for application developers who need to use 64-bit virtual memory addressing on OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.0 or higher.
OpenVMS Alpha 64-bit virtual addressing support makes the 64-bit virtual address space defined by the Alpha architecture available to both the OpenVMS operating system and its users. It also allows per-process virtual addressing for accessing dynamically mapped data beyond traditional 32-bit limits.
The Compaq C Run-Time Library on OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.0 systems and higher includes the following features in support of 64-bit pointers:
The Compaq C Run-Time library on OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.0 systems and higher can generate and accept 64-bit pointers. Functions that require a second interface to be used with 64-bit pointers reside in the same object libraries and shareable images as their 32-bit counterparts. No new object libraries or shareable images are introduced. Using 64-bit pointers does not require changes to your link command or link options files.
The Compaq C 64-bit environment allows an application to use both 32-bit and 64-bit addresses. For more information about how to manipulate pointer sizes, see the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier and #pragma pointer_size and #pragma required_pointer_size preprocessor directives in the Compaq C User's Guide for OpenVMS Systems.
The /POINTER_SIZE qualifier requires you to specify a value of 32 or 64. This value is used as the default pointer size within the compilation unit. As an application programmer, you can compile one set of modules by using 32-bit pointers and another set by using 64-bit pointers. Care must be taken when these two separate groups of modules call each other.
Use of the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier also influences the processing of Compaq C RTL header files. For those functions that have a 32-bit and 64-bit implementation, specifying /POINTER_SIZE enables function prototypes to access both functions, regardless of the actual value supplied to the qualifier. In addition, the value specified to the qualifier determines the default implementation to call during that compilation unit.
The
#pragma pointer_size
and
#pragma required_pointer_size
preprocessor directives can be used to change the pointer size in
effect within a compilation unit. You can default pointers to 32-bit
pointers and then declare specific pointers within the module as 64-bit
pointers. You would also need to specifically call the
_malloc64
form of
malloc
to obtain memory from the 64-bit memory area.
1.8.2 Obtaining 64-bit Pointers to Memory
The Compaq C RTL has many functions that return pointers to newly allocated memory. In each of these functions, the application owns the memory pointed to and is responsible for freeing that memory.
Functions that allocate memory are:
malloc
calloc
realloc
strdup
Each of these functions have a 32-bit and a 64-bit implementation. When the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier is used, the following functions can also be called:
_malloc32 , _malloc64
_calloc32 , _calloc64
_realloc32 , _realloc64
_strdup32 , _strdup64
When /POINTER_SIZE=32 is specified, all malloc calls default to _malloc32 .
When /POINTER_SIZE=64 is specified, all malloc calls default to _malloc64 .
Regardless of whether the application calls a 32-bit or 64-bit memory allocation routine, there is still a single free function. This function accepts either pointer size.
Be aware that the memory allocation functions are the only ones that
return pointers to 64-bit memory. All Compaq C RTL structure
pointers returned to the calling application (such as a FILE, WINDOW,
or DIR) are always 32-bit pointers. This allows both 32-bit and 64-bit
callers to pass these structure pointers within the application.
1.8.3 Compaq C Header Files
The header files distributed with DEC C Version 5.2 and higher support 64-bit pointers. Each function prototype whose signature contains a pointer is constructed to indicate the size of the pointer accepted.
A 32-bit pointer can be passed as an argument to functions that accept either a 32-bit or 64-bit pointer for that argument.
A 64-bit pointer, however, cannot be passed as an argument to a function that accepts a 32-bit pointer. Attempts to do this are diagnosed by the compiler with a MAYLOSEDATA message. The diagnostic message IMPLICITFUNC means the compiler can do no additional pointer-size validation for calls to that function. If this function is a Compaq C RTL function, refer to the reference section of this manual for the name of the header file that defines that function.
You might find the following pointer-size compiler diagnostics useful:
The Compaq C RTL shipped with OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.0 accommodates applications that use only 32-bit pointers, only 64-bit pointers, or combinations of both. To use 64-bit memory, you must, at a minimum, recompile and relink an application. The amount of source code change required depends on the application itself, calls to other runtime libraries, and the combinations of pointer sizes used.
With respect to 64-bit pointer support, the functions in the Compaq C RTL fall into four categories:
From an application developer's perspective, the first two types of functions are the easiest to use in either a single or mixed-pointer mode.
The third type requires no modifications when used in a single-pointer compilation, but might require source code changes when used in a mixed-pointer mode.
The fourth type requires careful attention whenever 64-bit pointers are
used.
1.8.4.1 No Pointer-Size Impact
The choice of pointer-size has no impact on a function if its prototype contains no pointer-related parameters or return values. The mathematical functions are good examples of this.
Even some functions in this category that do have pointers in their prototype are not impacted by pointer size. For example, strerror has the prototype:
char * strerror (int error_number); |
This function returns a pointer to a character string, but this string
is allocated by the Compaq C RTL. As a result, to support both
32-bit and 64-bit applications, these types of pointers are guaranteed
to fit in a 32-bit pointer.
1.8.4.2 Functions Accepting Both Pointer Sizes
The Alpha architecture supports 64-bit pointers. The OpenVMS Alpha calling standard specifies that all arguments are actually passed as 64-bit values. Before OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.0, all 32-bit addresses passed to procedures were sign-extended into this 64-bit parameter. The called function declared the parameters as 32-bit addresses, which caused the compiler to generate 32-bit instructions (such as LDL) to manipulate these parameters.
Many functions in the Compaq C RTL are enhanced to receive the full 64-bit address. For example, consider strlen :
size_t strlen (const char *string); |
The only pointer in this function is the character-string pointer. If the caller passes a 32-bit pointer, the function works with the sign-extended 64-bit address. If the caller passes a 64-bit address, the function works with that address directly.
The Compaq C RTL continues to have only a single entry point for
functions in this category. There are no source-code changes required
to add any of the four pointer-size options for functions of this type.
The OpenVMS documentation refers to these functions as 64-bit
friendly.
1.8.4.3 Functions with Two Implementations
There are many reasons why a function might need one implementation for 32-bit pointers, and another for 64-bit pointers. Some of these reasons include:
From the application developer's point of view, there are three function prototypes for each of these functions. The <string.h> header file contains many functions whose return value is dependent upon the pointer size used as the first argument to the function call. For example, consider the memset function. The header file defines three entry points for this function:
void * memset (void *memory_pointer, int character, size_t size); void *_memset32 (void *memory_pointer, int character, size_t size); void *_memset64 (void *memory_pointer, int character, size_t size); |
The first prototype is the function that your application would currently call if using this function. The compiler changes a call to memset into a call to either _memset32 when compiled /POINTER_SIZE=32, or _memset64 when compiled /POINTER_SIZE=64.
You can override this default behavior by directly calling either the 32-bit or the 64-bit form of the function. This accommodates applications using mixed pointer sizes, regardless of the default pointer size specified with the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier.
If the application is compiled without specifying the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier, neither the 32-bit specific nor the 64-bit specific function prototypes are defined. In this case, the compiler automatically calls the 32-bit interface for all interfaces having dual implementations.
Table 1-5 shows the Compaq C RTL functions that have dual implementations in support of 64-bit pointer size. When compiling with the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier, calls to the unmodified function names are changed to calls to the function interface that matches the pointer size specified on the qualifier.
| basename | malloc | strpbrk | wcsncat |
| bsearch | mbsrtowcs | strptime | wcsncpy |
| calloc | memccpy | strrchr | wcspbrk |
| catgets | memchr | strsep | wcsrchr |
| ctermid | memcpy | strstr | wcsrtombs |
| cuserid | memmove | strtod | wcsstr |
| dirname | memset | strtok | wcstok |
| fgetname | mktemp | strtol | wcstol |
| fgets | mmap | strtoll | wcstoul |
| fgetws | qsort | strtoq | wcswcs |
| fullname | realloc | strtoul | wmemchr |
| gcvt | rindex | strtoull | wmemcpy |
| getcap | strcat | strtouq | wmemmove |
| getcwd | strchr | tgetstr | wmemset |
| getname | strcpy | tmpnam | |
| gets | strdup | wcscat | |
| index | strncat | wcschr | |
| longname | strncpy | wcscpy |
A few functions in the Compaq C RTL do not support 64-bit pointers. If you try to pass a 64-bit pointer to one of these functions, the compiler generates a %CC-W-MAYLOSEDATA warning. Applications compiled with /POINTER_SIZE=64 might need to be modified to avoid passing 64-bit pointers to these functions.
Table 1-6 shows the functions restricted to using 32-bit pointers. The Compaq C RTL offers no 64-bit support for these functions. You must ensure that only 32-bit pointers are used with these functions.
| atexit | getopt | modf | setbuf |
| execve | iconv | putenv | setstate |
| execvp | initstate | recvmsg | setvbuf |
| frexp | ioctl | sendmsg |
Table 1-7 shows functions that make callbacks to user-supplied functions as part of processing that function call. The callback procedures are not passed 64-bit pointers.
| decc$from_vms | decc$to_vms |
| ftw | tputs |
This section introduces the pointer-size manipulations used in the Compaq C RTL header files. Use the following examples to become more proficient in reading these header files and to help modify your own header files.
| #1 |
|---|
: #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE (1) # if (__VMS_VER < 70000000) || !defined __ALPHA (2) # error " Pointer size usage not permitted before OpenVMS Alpha V7.0" # endif # pragma __pointer_size __save (3) # pragma __pointer_size 32 (4) #endif : : #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE (5) # pragma __pointer_size 64 #endif : : #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE (6) # pragma __pointer_size __restore #endif : |
All Compaq C compilers that support the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier predefine the macro __initial_pointer_size . The Compaq C RTL header files take advantage of the ANSI rule that if a macro is not defined, it has an implicit value of 0.
The macro is defined as 32 or 64 when the /POINTER_SIZE qualifier is used. It is defined as 0 if the qualifier is not used. The statement at (1) can be read as "if the user has specified either /POINTER_SIZE=32 or /POINTER_SIZE=64 on the command line".
DEC C Version 5.2 and higher is supported on many OpenVMS platforms. The lines at (2) generate an error message if the target of the compilation is one that does not support 64-bit pointers.
A header file cannot assume anything about the actual pointer-size context in effect at the time the header file is included. Furthermore, the Compaq C compiler offers only the __initial_pointer_size macro and a mechanism to change the pointer size, but not a way to determine the current pointer size.
All header files that have a dependency on pointer sizes are responsible for saving (3), initializing (4), altering (5), and restoring (6) the pointer-size context.
| #2 |
|---|
: #ifndef __CHAR_PTR32 (1) # define __CHAR_PTR32 1 typedef char * __char_ptr32; typedef const char * __const_char_ptr32; #endif : : #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE # pragma __pointer_size 64 #endif : : #ifndef __CHAR_PTR64 (2) # define __CHAR_PTR64 1 typedef char * __char_ptr64; typedef const char * __const_char_ptr64; #endif : |
Some function prototypes need to refer to a 32-bit pointer when in a 64-bit pointer-size context. Other function prototypes need to refer to a 64-bit pointer when in a 32-bit pointer-size context.
Compaq C binds the pointer size used in a typedef at the time the typedef is made. The typedef declaration of __char_ptr32 (1) is made in a 32-bit context. The typedef declaration of __char_ptr64 (2) is made in a 64-bit context.
| #3 |
|---|
: #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE # if (__VMS_VER < 70000000) || !defined __ALPHA # error " Pointer size usage not permitted before OpenVMS Alpha V7.0" # endif # pragma __pointer_size __save # pragma __pointer_size 32 #endif : (1) : #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE (2) # pragma __pointer_size 64 #endif : (3) : int abs (int __j); (4) : __char_ptr32 strerror (int __errnum); (5) : |
Before declaring function prototypes that support 64-bit pointers, the pointer context is changed (2) from 32-bit pointers to 64-bit pointers.
Functions restricted to 32-bit pointers are placed in the 32-bit pointer context section (1) of the header file. All other functions are placed in the 64-bit context section (3) of the header file.
Functions that have no pointer-size impact ((4) and (5)) are located in the 64-bit section. Functions that have no pointer-size impact except for a 32-bit address return value (5) are also in the 64-bit section, and use the 32-bit specific typedef s previously discussed.
| #4 |
|---|
: #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE # pragma __pointer_size 64 #endif : : #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE == 32 (1) # pragma __pointer_size 32 #endif : char *strcat (char *__s1, __const_char_ptr64 __s2); (2) : #if __INITIAL_POINTER_SIZE # pragma __pointer_size 32 : char *_strcat32 (char *__s1, __const_char_ptr64 __s2); (3) : # pragma __pointer_size 64 : char *_strcat64 (char *__s1, const char *__s2); (4) : #endif : |
This example shows declarations of functions that have both a 32-bit and 64-bit implementation. These declarations are located in the 64-bit section of the header file.
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