External authentication cannot occur if a network connection is required and the network is down. However, as a temporary solution, privileged users can enter the /LOCAL_PASSWORD qualifier after the OpenVMS user name at the login prompt, to specify local authentication. Be sure to specify the OpenVMS user name and password when using the /LOCAL_PASSWORD qualifier.

Because using the /LOCAL_PASSWORD qualifier effectively overrides the security policy established by the system manager, it is allowed only when the user's account has SYSPRV as an authorized privilege. This allows the system manager to gain access to the system when the network is down. When Bit 1 of the equivalence string is set in the SYS$SINGLE_SIGNON logical name, nonprivileged users who are normally externally authenticated can log in locally (the /LOCAL_PASSWORD qualifier need not be specified).

For more information about the /LOCAL_PASSWORD qualifier for the login command line, refer to the OpenVMS Guide to System Security.

5.8 Converting Encoded File Names from ODS-2 to ODS-5

Existing Advanced Server shares may be converted from ODS-2 to ODS-5 to take advantage of the OpenVMS support of extended file specifications. The Advanced Server for OpenVMS software provides a conversion utility for converting ODS-2 encoded file names on ODS-5 devices that have been converted from ODS-2. The conversion utility removes escape-encoded characters in file names, changing the file names to ISO Latin-1 characters. For example, if a file name is created on an ODS-2 disk containing the character-encoding sequence __E4, to represent the lowercase a-umlaut (ä), the conversion utility removes the encoding and replaces it with the ä character.

You can convert ODS-2 file names to ODS-5 file names after:

• The Advanced Server for OpenVMS has been installed and configured.
• The disk device containing escape-encoded file names has been converted from ODS-2 to ODS-5. Refer to the OpenVMS Guide to Extended File Specifications for information about converting disk devices to ODS-5.

The file name conversion utility that converts file names from the encoding used on ODS-2 file systems to ISO Latin-1 file names is:

SYS$SYSTEM:PWRK$CNVTOHFS.EXE

When the Advanced Server commands have been defined, you can use the PWCONVERT system management command to invoke the file name conversion utility. For information about defining Advanced Server system management commands, see Section 5.6, Special Advanced Server Management Commands. For example, to define the PWCONVERT command, enter the following DCL command:

$ PWCONVERT :== $SYS$SYSTEM:PWRK$CNVTOHFS.EXE

The format of the PWCONVERT command is:

$ PWCONVERT /qualifiers file-spec

Where:

• Qualifiers are optional. They are described in Table 5-1, PWCONVERT Qualifiers. The default setting is used if you omit the qualifier.
• The file-spec argument is required, and may include the device name, directory name, and file name.
  • If you specify only a disk device, the conversion utility scans the entire device for file names that are encoded, and converts them if necessary.
  • If you specify a disk device and a directory, all the files in the specified directory are scanned and converted if necessary. You may include wildcard characters in directory names and file names.
  • If you specify a disk device, directory, and a single file name, only that file is converted.
  • If you enter the PWCONVERT command with no file specification, it prompts you for a file specification. For example:

    $ PWCONVERT FILENAME:

    
    In response to this prompt, you must supply a device name, and optionally a directory and file name to convert. You may include qualifiers.

Table 5-1 PWCONVERT Qualifiers

Qualifier	Description	Default
/CODE_PAGE= n	The code page used to translate encoded characters, where n is the code page. For more information about code pages, refer to the OpenVMS User's Manual.	None
/DISABLE= keyword	Disables the function of the conversion utility specified by the keyword. The keywords are: ACE, which specifies that the conversion utility will not check for "PATHWORKS" ACEs on the files. STRUCTURE_LEVEL, which specifies that the conversion utility will not check the file system type (ODS-2 or ODS-5).	/NODISABLE
/LOG= log-file-specification	Creates a log file containing the file names converted. You can specify the location and name of the log file using this qualifier.	/NOLOG. Information is displayed and no log file is created.
/VERBOSE	Displays all the file names scanned during the conversion operation.	/NOVERBOSE
/NOLIST	Suppresses the display of all the file names that are converted. Only error messages are displayed.	/LIST

5.8.2 Example of Converting an Encoded File Name

In this example, the file named A FILE.TXT has been created by a Windows 95 client on DISKA, and has been encoded as A__20FILE.TXT. The device DISKA has been converted from ODS-2 to ODS-5. As viewed from OpenVMS, the file appears as follows:

$ DIRECTORY DISKA:[FILES] Directory DISKA:[FILES] . . . A__20FILE.TXT $

Use the PWCONVERT command to convert this file name, as follows:

$ PWCONVERT/VERBOSE DISKA:[FILES]A__20FILE.TXT Scanning file - DISKA:[FILES]A__20FILE.TXT;1 Renamed A__20FILE.TXT to A FILE.TXT Convert Utility Complete $

5.8.3 Example of Converting All Encoded File Names

To convert all the encoded file names on a disk device and directory, enter the PWCONVERT command, specifying the disk device and directory without a file name. For example, to convert all the encoded file names stored on device DISK$USER1, enter the following:

$ PWCONVERT FILENAME: DISK$USER1: Renamed A__20FILE.TXT to A FILE.TXT . . . Convert Utility Complete

5.9 Installing Optional Server Administration Tools

The Advanced Server provides optional client-based server administration tools that allow you to manage the server from Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows 95, Windows for Workgroups, or Windows NT clients. These tools are available in the PWUTIL share after installing, configuring and starting the server.

The SRVTOOLS directory in the PWUTIL share contains a subdirectory for each type of client computer. Refer to the README.TXT file in the appropriate subdirectory for instructions on installing the software on the client computer.

Refer to the Windows NT Server documentation or use online Help for more information about how to use Windows NT server administration tools.

This chapter describes how to set up a wide area network (WAN) using one of the TCP/IP transport software products supported by the Advanced Server for OpenVMS software.

This chapter consists of the following sections:

• Section 6.1, Enabling Wide Area Network Support
• Section 6.2, Using the LMHOSTS File in a Wide Area Network
• Section 6.3, Using WINS in a Wide Area Network
• Section 6.4, Using DNS in a Wide Area Network

The Advanced Server for OpenVMS software allows you to use one or more of the following methods for wide area network name resolution:

• LMHOSTS file
• Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)
• Domain Name System (DNS)

To use them, they must be enabled using the Configuration Manager. You can enable them through the PWRK$CONFIG.COM command procedure, which provides access to the Configuration Manager when you answer YES to the question "Do you want to change server configuration parameters." To enable one or more of the wide area network support methods, select the Transports screen and select the appropriate checkbox. Alternatively, you can run the Configuration Manager after the server is configured and started, as described in the Compaq Advanced Server for OpenVMS Server Administrator's Guide.

6.2 Using the LMHOSTS File in a Wide Area Network

The Advanced Server for OpenVMS software provides the ability to set up a wide area network with the TCP/IP transport through the use of the LMHOSTS file. This file contains a list of domain controllers and member servers in the same domain and also domain controllers in domains that have trusts established with that domain. The LMHOSTS file allows the Advanced Server to participate in a Windows NT wide area network as well.

Unlike a Windows NT Server, the Advanced Server does not support remote LMHOSTS files (called into the Windows NT LMHOSTS file using #INCLUDE). To include the same host names as an existing LMHOSTS file on a Windows NT Server, copy the LMHOSTS file to the Advanced Server then manually insert the entries into the Advanced Server LMHOSTS file.

To set up a TCP/IP wide area network, modify the LMHOSTS file, adding the host names and TCP/IP addresses of the domain controllers and member servers in the wide area network that are in the same domain or in domains that have trust relationships with that domain.

The LMHOSTS file must be set up on all domain controllers and member servers in the domain, unless other methods are used to resolve NetBIOS names. Make sure your Advanced Server LMHOSTS file includes entries for all domain controllers and member servers of the domain and domain controllers in domains that have trusts established with that domain.

Note the following when configuring a server that will be a backup domain controller (BDC) or member server in an existing domain: if the LMHOSTS file does not include entries for a primary domain controller (PDC) that is in a different TCP/IP subnet, your server will not be able to find that PDC. Make sure you include entries for that PDC in the LMHOSTS file before running PWRK$CONFIG to join the existing domain. Two entries are required for a PDC:

• One standard entry for the computer name of the PDC
• One entry that uniquely identifies the system as the PDC of the domain. This entry contains the domain name (space padded to 15 characters) with a 16th-byte control character of \0x1B. See the example in Section 6.2.3, LMHOSTS File Syntax.

BDCs periodically retrieve changes to the domain-wide security accounts database from the PDC. If you omit a BDC from the LMHOSTS file on the PDC, the PDC will not notify the BDC that database changes need to be retrieved. Or, if a BDC omits the necessary entries for the PDC, the BDC will be unable to locate the PDC when attempting to retrieve database changes. In either case, the BDC's database will become out of date.

You can modify the LMHOSTS file at any time. As long as the LMHOSTS file exists, users can establish TCP/IP connections to any server listed in the file.

6.2.2 The LMHOSTS Directory

You set up a wide area network by supplying the following file on all OpenVMS file servers that are in different subnets:

PWRK$LMROOT:[LANMAN]LMHOSTS.

(The LMHOSTS file has no file extension; include the final dot, as shown.)

6.2.3 LMHOSTS File Syntax

In the LMHOSTS file, create a list of nodes by specifying the following line for each node:

address NetBIOSname #PRE #DOM:domain_name

Where:

• address is an Internet address of form x.x.x.x, where x is a decimal number from 0 to 255.
• NetBIOSname is a name from 1 to 16 characters long, and may include a control character. (The format of a control character is \0Xnn or \nn, where n is a hexadecimal digit.)
  To include a nonprinting or control character, enclose the name in double quotation marks. All alphabetic characters are set to uppercase characters before the name is loaded into cache (see the #PRE directive, below) or used for matching.
  If you wish to include the 16th-byte control character in the name explicitly, you must
  • Pad the name with spaces to control the placement of the control character.
  • Enclose the name and control character within double quotes.
  
  The following are some valid NetBIOS names:

  speedy "LANDOFOZ \0x1B"

• #PRE is an optional directive that indicates that the entry should be preloaded into the cache. Entries that have the #PRE tag are preloaded into the cache when the Advanced Server first starts up. If you add a #PRE-tagged entry to the LMHOSTS file after the Advanced Server starts up, the name will not be preloaded into the cache until the Advanced Server is restarted. However, the name will be available at the next lookup of the LMHOSTS file.
• #DOM:domain-name designates the entry as a domain controller in the domain specified by domain-name. It is required when the entry is a domain controller. It should not be included on entries for member servers.
  The #DOM:domain-name directive affects how the logon and browser services behave in routed environments. It is also used in user account management and in trust relationships.

For example, the following entries should be included in the LMHOSTS file on a BDC that is not in the same IP subnet as the PDC (if the two systems are in the same IP subnet, they can resolve names using broadcasts). In this example, the PDC name is DOMPDC at IP address 10.20.30.40 in the domain LANGROUP:

10.20.30.40 DOMPDC #PRE #DOM:LANGROUP 10.20.30.40 "LANGROUP \0x1B" #PRE

The \0x1B name will be registered only by the PDC for the domain. If a BDC is promoted to PDC, the original PDC will release the \0x1B name, allowing the new PDC to register it; LMHOSTS files on other systems that contain an entry for this \0x1B name must be updated to reflect the IP address of the new PDC.

If the domain PDC is a PATHWORKS or Advanced Server for OpenVMS server running on multiple members of an OpenVMS Cluster, only one cluster member will register the \0x1B name (the first to start the NetLogon service). However, if the server stops on that cluster member, the \0x1B name will be released by that cluster member and will then be registered by another cluster member running the server. In this scenario, LMHOSTS files on other systems that contain an entry for this \0x1B name must be updated to reflect the IP address of the cluster member that has registered, and now holds, the \0x1B name. To determine the cluster member that has registered and currently holds the \0x1B name, execute the NBSHOW KNB command at the OpenVMS DCL prompt on each node of the cluster and look for the \0x1B name in the name table that is displayed. The \0x1B name will show up in the name table of only one of the cluster members. The command NBSHOW is a special Advanced Server management command that is defined in the command file SYS$MANAGER:PWRK$DEFINE_COMMANDS.COM; for more information, see Section 5.6, Special Advanced Server Management Commands.

In environments using trust relationships, the domain controllers in trusting domains must establish a secure communications channel with a domain controller in the trusting domain. This allows a user with an account in one domain to access resources provided by a domain that trusts the user's domain (called pass-through authentication). Therefore, domain controllers in the trusting domain, as well as those in the trusted domain, should list all domain controllers from the other domain in their respective LMHOSTS file. (This assumes other NetBIOS name resolution methods, such as WINS, are not being used.) Each domain controller should also include a \0x1B entry for the PDC of the other domain. In the following example, the domain LANGROUP trusts the domain CORPDOM. The LANGROUP domain consists of the following domain controllers:

Name	IP Address	Role
LGPPDC	192.20.30.40	PDC
LGPBDC	192.20.30.41	BDC

The CORPDOM domain consists of the following domain controllers:

Name	IP Address	Role
CORPPDC	110.5.5.5	PDC
CORPBDC1	110.5.5.20	BDC
CORPBDC2	110.10.1.1	BDC

To enable the domain controllers in domain LANGROUP to locate a domain controller in domain CORPDOM, include the following entries in the LMHOSTS file located on domain controllers in domain LANGROUP:

110.5.5.5 CORPPDC #PRE #DOM:CORPDOM 110.5.5.5 "CORPDOM \0x1B" #PRE 110.5.5.20 CORPBDC1 #PRE #DOM:CORPDOM 110.10.1.1 CORPBDC2 #PRE #DOM:CORPDOM

Similarly, to enable the domain controllers in domain CORPDOM to locate the domain controllers in domain LANGROUP, include the following entries in the LMHOSTS file located on the domain controllers in domain CORPDOM:

192.20.30.40 LGPPDC #PRE #DOM:LANGROUP 192.20.30.40 "LANGROUP \0x1B" #PRE 192.20.30.41 LGPBDC #PRE #DOM:LANGROUP

The #DOM directive is required in these cases. It explicitly designates the system as a domain controller in the specified domain. Note that if you include member servers in the LMHOSTS file (whether they be Windows NT or Advanced Server member servers), you should omit the #DOM directive. Member servers are not domain controllers.

6.2.4 Managing the LMHOSTS File

To change the list of available nodes, you can edit the file at any time. Domain controller entries (specified by the #DOM directive) and computer name entries without the #PRE directive are resolved by checking the LMHOSTS file dynamically. This check occurs whenever a name needs to be resolved and is not found in the name cache.

To disable LMHOSTS name resolution, rename all versions of the LMHOSTS file to any name other than LMHOSTS. Or, you can use the Configuration Manager to disable LMHOSTS name resolution. Start the Configuration Manager ($ ADMIN/CONFIG), select the Transports option, and clear the check mark next to the Enable LMHOSTS Resolution option. When you use the Configuration Manager to enable or disable LMHOSTS name resolution, the change is not dynamic; that is, the change will not go into effect until the next time the Advanced Server is started.

When you add an entry to the LMHOSTS file while the Advanced Server is running, if the entry includes the #PRE directive, the entry will not be cached permanently (as directed by the #PRE part of the entry) until the next restart of the server; however, the change is effective immedately, as it will be read dynamically when the name next needs to be resolved.

6.2.5 Using the LMHOSTS Log File

If errors occur when the LMHOSTS file is accessed, the errors are recorded in the following file:

PWRK$LMROOT:[LOGS]PWRK$KNBDAEMON_nodename.LOG

This file is open and being written to while the Advanced Server is running. To close the log file, you must stop the Advanced Server.

To prevent the log file from becoming too large, each error is logged only once --- the first time it occurs. If an error is found in the log file, it is not logged again.

6.3 Using WINS in a Wide Area Network

You can configure the Advanced Server as a WINS client. This allows the Advanced Server to use a WINS Server for NetBIOS name registration, resolution, renewal, and release in a wide area network configuration.

For more information on how to use the Configuration Manager to configure the Advanced Server to use WINS, refer to the Compaq Advanced Server for OpenVMS Server Administrator's Guide.