Document revision date: 15 July 2002

To perform an asynchronous read operation, use the SYS$QIO system service and specify an event flag (the first argument, which must be passed by value). Your program continues while the I/O is taking place. When you need the input from the I/O operation, invoke the SYS$SYNCH system service to wait for the event flag and status block specified in the SYS$QIO system service. If the I/O is not complete, your program pauses until it is. In this manner, you can overlap processing within your program. Naturally, you must take care not to assume data has been returned by the I/O operation before you call SYS$SYNCH and it returns successfully. Example 23-5 demonstrates an asynchronous read operation.

Example 23-5 Reading Data from the Terminal Asynchronously

. . . INTEGER STATUS ! QIO structures INTEGER*2 INPUT_CHAN ! I/O channel INTEGER CODE, ! Type of I/O operation 2 INPUT_BUFF_SIZE, ! Size of input buffer 2 PROMPT_SIZE, ! Size of prompt 2 INPUT_SIZE ! Size of input line as read PARAMETER (INPUT_BUFF_SIZE = 132, 2 PROMPT = 13) CHARACTER*132 INPUT CHARACTER*(*) PROMPT PARAMETER (PROMPT = 'Input value: ') INCLUDE '($IODEF)' ! Symbols used in I/O operations ! Status block for QIO STRUCTURE /IOSTAT_BLOCK/ INTEGER*2 IOSTAT, ! Return status 2 TERM_OFFSET, ! Location of line terminator 2 TERMINATOR, ! Value of terminator 2 TERM_SIZE ! Size of terminator END STRUCTURE RECORD /IOSTAT_BLOCK/ IOSB ! Event flag for I/O INTEGER INPUT_EF ! Subprograms INTEGER*4 SYS$ASSIGN, 2 SYS$QIO, 2 SYS$SYNCH, 2 LIB$GET_EF . . . ! Assign an I/O channel to SYS$INPUT STATUS = SYS$ASSIGN ('SYS$INPUT', 2 INPUT_CHAN,,) IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) ! Get an event flag STATUS = LIB$GET_EF (INPUT_EF) IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) ! Read with prompt CODE = IO$_READPROMPT STATUS = SYS$QIO (%VAL (INPUT_EF), 2 %VAL (INPUT_CHAN), 2 %VAL (CODE), 2 IOSB, 2 ,, 2 %REF (INPUT), 2 %VAL (INPUT_BUFF_SIZE), 2 ,, 2 %REF (PROMPT), 2 %VAL (PROMPT_SIZE)) ! Check status of QIO IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) . . . STATUS = SYS$SYNCH (%VAL (INPUT_EF), 2 IOSB) ! Check status of SYNCH IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) ! Check status of I/O operation IF (.NOT. IOSB.IOSTAT) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (IOSB.IOSTAT)) ! Set size of input string INPUT_SIZE = IOSB.TERM_OFFSET . . .

Be sure to check the status of the I/O operation as returned in the I/O status block. In an asynchronous operation, you can check this status only after the I/O operation is complete (that is, after the call to SYS$SYNCH).

23.9.3 Write Operations with SYS$QIOW

The SYS$QIO and SYS$QIOW system services move one record of data from a character value to the terminal. Do not use these system services, as described here, for output to a file or nonterminal device.

For synchronous I/O, use SYS$QIOW and omit the first argument (the event flag number). For complete information about SYS$QIO and SYS$QIOW, refer to the OpenVMS System Services Reference Manual.

Example 23-6 writes a line of character data to the terminal.

Example 23-6 Writing Character Data to a Terminal

INTEGER STATUS, 2 ANSWER_SIZE CHARACTER*31 ANSWER INTEGER*2 OUT_CHAN ! Status block for QIO STRUCTURE /IOSTAT_BLOCK/ INTEGER*2 IOSTAT, 2 BYTE_COUNT, 2 LINES_OUTPUT BYTE COLUMN, 2 LINE END STRUCTURE RECORD /IOSTAT_BLOCK/ IOSB ! Routines INTEGER SYS$ASSIGN, 2 SYS$QIOW ! IO$ symbol definitions INCLUDE '($IODEF)' . . . STATUS = SYS$ASSIGN ('SYS$OUTPUT', 2 OUT_CHAN,,) IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) STATUS = SYS$QIOW (, 2 %VAL (OUT_CHAN), 2 %VAL (IO$_WRITEVBLK), 2 IOSB, 2 , 2 , 2 %REF ('Answer: '//ANSWER(1:ANSWER_SIZE)), 2 %VAL (8+ANSWER_SIZE), 2 , 2 %VAL (32),,) ! Single spacing IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) IF (.NOT. IOSB.IOSTAT) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (IOSB.IOSTAT)) END

23.10 I/O Completion Status

When an I/O operation completes, the system posts the completion status in the I/O status block, if one is specified. The completion status indicates whether the operation completed successfully, the number of bytes that were transferred, and additional device-dependent return information.

Figure 23-7 illustrates the format for the SYS$QIO system service of the information written in the IOSB.

Figure 23-7 I/O Status Block

The first word contains a system status code indicating the success or failure of the operation. The status codes used are the same as for all returns from system services; for example, SS$_NORMAL indicates successful completion.

The second word contains the number of bytes actually transferred in the I/O operation. Note that for some devices this word contains only the low-order word of the count. For information about specific devices, see the OpenVMS I/O User's Reference Manual.

The second longword contains device-dependent return information.

System services other than SYS$QIO use the quadword I/O status block, but the format is different. See the description of each system service in the OpenVMS System Services Reference Manual for the format of the information written in the IOSB for that service.

To ensure successful I/O completion and the integrity of data transfers, you should check the IOSB following I/O requests, particularly for device-dependent I/O functions. For complete details about how to use the I/O status block, see the OpenVMS I/O User's Reference Manual.

23.11 Deassigning I/O Channels

When a process no longer needs access to an I/O device, it should release the channel assigned to the device by calling the Deassign I/O Channel (SYS$DASSGN) system service:

$DASSGN_S CHAN=TTCHAN

This service call releases the terminal channel assignment acquired in the SYS$ASSIGN example shown in Section 23.5. The system automatically deassigns channels for a process when the image that assigned the channel exits.

23.12 Using Complete Terminal I/O

The following example shows a complete sequence of input and output operations using the $QIOW macro to read and write lines to the current default SYS$INPUT device. Because the input/output of this program must be to the current terminal, it functions correctly only if you execute it interactively.

#include <descrip.h> #include <iodef.h> #include <lib$routines.h> #include <ssdef.h> #include <starlet.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #define BUFSIZ 80 /* I/O status block */ struct { (1) unsigned short iostat, ttiolen; unsigned int dev_info; }ttiosb; main() { unsigned int status ,outlen, inlen = BUFSIZ; unsigned short ttchan; char buffer[BUFSIZ]; (2) $DESCRIPTOR(ttname,"SYS$INPUT"); (3) /* Assign a channel */ status = SYS$ASSIGN(&ttname, /* devnam - device number */ (4) &ttchan, /* chan - channel number */ 0, 0, 0); if (!$VMS_STATUS_SUCCESS(status)) LIB$SIGNAL( status ); /* Request I/O */ status = SYS$QIOW(0, /* efn - event flag */ ttchan, /* chan - channel number */ IO$_READVBLK, /* func - function modifier */ &ttiosb, /* iosb - I/O status block */ 0, /* astadr - AST routine */ 0, /* astprm - AST parameter */ buffer, /* p1 - buffer */ inlen, /* p2 - length of buffer */ 0, 0, 0, 0); (5) if (!$VMS_STATUS_SUCCESS( status )) (6) LIB$SIGNAL( status ); /* Get length from IOSB */ outlen = ttiosb.ttiolen; (7) status = SYS$QIOW(0, ttchan, IO$_WRITEVBLK, &ttiosb, 0, 0, buffer, outlen, 0, 0, 0, 0); if (!$VMS_STATUS_SUCCESS( status )) LIB$SIGNAL( status ); (8) /* Deassign the channel */ status = SYS$DASSGN( ttchan ); /* chan - channel */ (9) if (!$VMS_STATUS_SUCCESS( status )) LIB$SIGNAL( status ); }

1. The IOSB for the I/O operations is structured so that the program can easily check for the completion status (in the first word) and the length of the input string returned (in the second word).
2. The string will be read into the buffer BUFFER; the longword OUTLEN will contain the length of the string for the output operation.
3. The TTNAME label is a character string descriptor for the logical device SYS$INPUT, and TTCHAN is a word to receive the channel number assigned to it.
4. The $ASSIGN service assigns a channel and writes the channel number at TTCHAN.
5. If the $ASSIGN service completes successfully, the $QIOW macro reads a line from the terminal, and requests that the completion status be posted in the I/O status block defined at TTIOSB.
6. The process waits until the I/O is complete, then checks the first word in the I/O status block for a successful return. If unsuccessful, the program takes an error path.
7. The length of the string read is moved into the longword at OUTLEN, because the $QIOW macro requires a longword argument. However, the length field of the I/O status block is only 1 word long. The $QIOW macro writes the line just read to the terminal.
8. The program performs error checks. First, it ensures that the $OUTPUT macro successfully queued the I/O request; then, when the request is completed, it ensures that the I/O was successful.
9. When all I/O operations on the channel are finished, the channel is deassigned.

If a process must cancel I/O requests that have been queued but not yet completed, it can issue the Cancel I/O On Channel (SYS$CANCEL) system service. All pending I/O requests issued by the process on that channel are canceled; you cannot specify a particular I/O request.

The SYS$CANCEL system service performs an asynchronous cancel operation. This means that the application must wait for each I/O operation issued to the driver to complete before checking the status for that operation.

For example, you can call the SYS$CANCEL system service as follows:

unsigned int status, efn1=3, efn2=4; . . . status = SYS$QIO(efn1, ttchan, &iosb1, ...); status = SYS$QIO(efn2, ttchan, &iosb2, ...); . . . status = SYS$CANCEL(ttchan); status = SYS$SYNCH(efn1, &iosb1); status = SYS$SYNCH(efn2, &iosb2);

In this example, the SYS$CANCEL system service initiates the cancellation of all pending I/O requests to the channel whose number is located at TTCHAN.

The SYS$CANCEL system service returns after initiating the cancellation of the I/O requests. If the call to SYS$QIO specified either an event flag, AST service routine, or I/O status block, the system sets either the flag, delivers the AST, or posts the I/O status block as appropriate when the cancellation is completed.

23.14 Logical Names and Physical Device Names

When you specify a device name as input to an I/O system service, it can be a physical device name or a logical name. If the device name contains a colon (:), the colon and the characters after it are ignored. When an underscore character (_) precedes a device name string, it indicates that the string is a physical device name string, for example, _TTB3:.

Any string that does not begin with an underscore is considered a logical name, even though it may be a physical device name. Table 23-3 lists system services that translate a logical name iteratively until a physical device name is returned, or until the system default number of translations have been performed.

Table 23-3 System Services for Translating Logical Names

System Service	Definition
SYS$ALLOC	Allocate Device
SYS$ASSIGN	Assign I/O Channel
SYS$BRDCST	Broadcast
SYS$DALLOC	Deallocate Device
SYS$DISMOU	Dismount Volume
SYS$GETDEV	Get I/O Device Information
SYS$GETDVI	Get Device/Volume Information
SYS$MOUNT	Mount Volume

In each translation, the logical name tables defined by the logical name LNM$FILE_DEV are searched in order. These tables, listed in search order, are normally LNM$PROCESS, LNM$JOB, LNM$GROUP, and LNM$SYSTEM. If a physical device name is located, the I/O request is performed for that device.

If the services do not locate an entry for the logical name, the I/O service treats the name specified as a physical device name. When you specify the name of an actual physical device in a call to one of these services, include the underscore character to bypass the logical name translation.

When the SYS$ALLOC system service returns the device name of the physical device that has been allocated, the device name string returned is prefixed with an underscore character. When this name is used for the subsequent SYS$ASSIGN system service, the SYS$ASSIGN service does not attempt to translate the device name.

If you use logical names in I/O service calls, you must be sure to establish a valid device name equivalence before program execution. You can do this either by issuing a DEFINE command from the command stream, or by having the program establish the equivalence name before the I/O service call with the Create Logical Name (SYS$CRELNM) system service.

For details about how to create and use logical names, see Chapter 34.

23.15 Device Name Defaults

If, after logical name translation, a device name string in an I/O system service call does not fully specify the device name (that is, device, controller, and unit), the service either provides default values for nonspecified fields, or provides values based on device availability.

The following rules apply:

• The SYS$ASSIGN and SYS$DALLOC system services apply default values, as shown in Table 23-4.
• The SYS$ALLOC system service treats the device name as a generic device name and attempts to find a device that satisfies the components of the device name specified, as shown in Table 23-4.

Table 23-4 Default Device Names for I/O Services

Device	Device Name1	Generic Device :
dd:	ddA0: (unit 0 on controller A)	ddxy: (any available device of the specified type)
ddc:	ddc0: (unit 0 on controller specified)	ddcy: (any available unit on the specified controller)
ddu:	ddA u: (unit specified on controller A)	ddxu: (device of specified type and unit on any available controller)
ddcu:	ddcu: (unit and controller specified)	ddcu: (unit and controller specified)

dd ---Specified device type (capital letters indicate a specific controller; numbers indicate a specific unit)
c ---Specified controller
x ---Any controller
u ---Specified unit number
y ---Any unit number

The Get Device/Volume Information (SYS$GETDVI) system service returns information about devices. The information returned is specified by an item list created before the call to SYS$GETDVI.

When you call the SYS$GETDVI system service, you must provide the address of an item list that specifies the information to be returned. The format of the item list is described in the description of SYS$GETDVI in the OpenVMS System Services Reference Manual. The OpenVMS I/O User's Reference Manual contains details on the device-specific information these services return.

In cases where a generic (that is, nonspecific) device name is used in an I/O service, a program may need to find out what device has been used. To do this, the program should provide SYS$GETDVI with the number of the channel to the device and request the name of the device with the DVI$_DEVNAM item identifier.

The operating system also supports a device called the null device for program development. The mnemonic for the null device is NL. Its characteristics are as follows:

• A read from NL returns an end-of-file error (SS$_ENDOFFILE).
• A write to NL immediately returns a success message (SS$_NORMAL).

The null device functions as a virtual device to which you can direct output but from which the data does not return.

23.16.1 Checking the Terminal Device

You are restricted to a terminal device if you use any of the special functions described in this section. If the user of your program redirects SYS$INPUT or SYS$OUTPUT to a file or nonterminal device, an error occurs. You can use the SYS$GETDVIW system service to make sure the logical name is associated with a terminal, as shown in Example 23-7. SYS$GETDVIW returns a status of SS$_IVDEVNAM if the logical name is defined as a file or otherwise does not equate to a device name. The type of device is the response associated with the DVI$_DEVCLASS request code and should be DC$_TERM for a terminal.

Example 23-7 Using SYS$GETDVIW to Verify the Device Name

RECORD /ITMLST/ DVI_LIST LOGICAL*4 STATUS ! GETDVI buffers INTEGER CLASS, ! Response buffer 2 CLASS_LEN ! Response length ! GETDVI symbols INCLUDE '($DCDEF)' INCLUDE '($SSDEF)' INCLUDE '($DVIDEF)' ! Define subprograms INTEGER SYS$GETDVIW ! Find out the device class of SYS$INPUT DVI_LIST.BUFLEN = 4 DVI_LIST.CODE = DVI$_DEVCLASS DVI_LIST.BUFADR = %LOC (CLASS) DVI_LIST.RETLENADR = %LOC (CLASS_LEN) STATUS = SYS$GETDVIW (,,'SYS$INPUT', 2 DVI_LIST,,,,,) IF ((.NOT. STATUS) .AND. (STATUS .NE. SS$_IVDEVNAM)) THEN CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) END IF ! Make sure device is a terminal IF ((STATUS .NE. SS$_IVDEVNAM) .AND. (CLASS .EQ. DC$_TERM)) THEN . . . ELSE TYPE *, 'Input device not a terminal' END IF

23.16.2 Terminal Characteristics

The OpenVMS I/O User's Reference Manual describes device-specific characteristics associated with terminals. To examine a characteristic, issue a call to SYS$QIO or SYS$QIOW system service with the IO$_SENSEMODE function and examine the appropriate bit in the structure returned to the P1 argument. To change a characteristic:

1. Issue a call to SYS$QIO or SYS$QIOW system service with the IO$_SENSEMODE function.
2. Set or clear the appropriate bit in the structure returned to the P1 argument.
3. Issue a call to SYS$QIO or SYS$QIOW system service with the IO$_SETMODE function passing, as the P1 argument, to modify the structure you obtained from the sense mode operation.

Example 23-8 turns off the HOSTSYNC terminal characteristic. To check whether NOHOSTSYNC has been set, enter the SHOW TERMINAL command.

Example 23-8 Disabling the HOSTSYNC Terminal Characteristic

. . . INTEGER*4 STATUS ! I/O channel INTEGER*2 INPUT_CHAN ! I/O status block STRUCTURE /IOSTAT_BLOCK/ INTEGER*2 IOSTAT BYTE TRANSMIT, 2 RECEIVE, 2 CRFILL, 2 LFFILL, 2 PARITY, 2 ZERO END STRUCTURE RECORD /IOSTAT_BLOCK/ IOSB ! Characteristics buffer ! Note: basic characteristics are first three ! bytes of second longword -- length is ! last byte STRUCTURE /CHARACTERISTICS/ BYTE CLASS, 2 TYPE INTEGER*2 WIDTH UNION MAP INTEGER*4 BASIC END MAP MAP BYTE LENGTH(4) END MAP END UNION INTEGER*4 EXTENDED END STRUCTURE RECORD /CHARACTERISTICS/ CHARBUF ! Define symbols used for I/O and terminal operations INCLUDE '($IODEF)' INCLUDE '($TTDEF)' ! Subroutines INTEGER*4 SYS$ASSIGN, 2 SYS$QIOW ! Assign channel to terminal STATUS = SYS$ASSIGN ('SYS$INPUT', 2 INPUT_CHAN,,) IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) ! Get current characteristics STATUS = SYS$QIOW (, 2 %VAL (INPUT_CHAN), 2 %VAL (IO$_SENSEMODE), 2 IOSB,,, 2 CHARBUF, ! Buffer 2 %VAL (12),,,,) ! Buffer size IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) IF (.NOT. IOSB.IOSTAT) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (IOSB.IOSTAT)) ! Turn off hostsync CHARBUF.BASIC = IBCLR (CHARBUF.BASIC, TT$V_HOSTSYNC) ! Set new characteristics STATUS = SYS$QIOW (, 2 %VAL (INPUT_CHAN), 2 %VAL (IO$_SETMODE), 2 IOSB,,, 2 CHARBUF, 2 %VAL (12),,,,) IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) IF (.NOT. IOSB.IOSTAT) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (IOSB.IOSTAT)) END

If you modify terminal characteristics with set mode QIO operations, you should save the characteristics buffer that you obtain on the first sense mode operation, and restore those characteristics with a set mode operation before exiting. (Resetting is not necessary if you just use modifiers on each read operation.) To ensure that the restoration is performed if the program aborts (for example, if the user presses Ctrl/Y), you should restore the user's environment in an exit handler. See Chapter 9 for a description of exit handlers.

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