Closes the file associated with a file descriptor.

Format

#include <unistd.h>

int close (int file_desc);

Argument

file_desc

A file descriptor.

Description

This function tries to write buffered data by using an implicit call to fflush . If the write fails (because the disk is full or the user's quota was exceeded, for example), close continues executing. It closes the VMS channel, deallocates any buffers, and releases the memory associated with the file descriptor (or FILE pointer). Any buffered data is lost, and the file descriptor (or FILE pointer) no longer refers to the file.

If your program needs to recover from errors when flushing buffered data, it should make an explicit call to fsync (or fflush ) before calling close .

Return Values

0	Indicates that the file is properly closed.
--1	Indicates that the file descriptor is undefined or an error occurred while the file was being closed (for example, if the buffered data cannot be written out).

Example

#include <unistd.h> int fd; . . . fd = open ("student.dat", 1); . . . close(fd);

Closes directories.

Format

#include <dirent.h>

int closedir (DIR *dir_pointer);

Argument

dir_pointer

Pointer to the dir structure of an open directory.

Description

This function closes a directory stream and frees the structure associated with the dir_pointer argument. Upon return, the value of dir_pointer does not necessarily point to an accessible object of the type DIR .

The type DIR , which is defined in the <dirent.h> header file, represents a directory stream that is an ordered sequence of all the directory entries in a particular directory. Directory entries represent files. You can remove files from or add files to a directory asynchronously to the operation of the readdir function.

Note An open directory must always be closed with the closedir function to ensure that the next attempt to open the directory is successful.

Example

The following example shows how to search a directory for the entry name, using the opendir , readdir , and closedir functions:

#include <dirent.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #define FOUND 1 #define NOT_FOUND 0 static int dir_example(const char *name, unsigned int unix_style) { DIR *dir_pointer; struct dirent *dp; if ( unix_style ) dir_pointer = opendir("."); else dir_pointer = opendir(getenv("PATH")); if ( !dir_pointer ) { perror("opendir"); return NOT_FOUND; } /* Note, that if opendir() was called with UNIX-style file */ /* spec like ".", readdir() will return only a single */ /* version of each file in the directory. In this case the */ /* name returned in d_name member of the dirent structure */ /* will contain only file name and file extension fields, */ /* both lowercased like "foo.bar". */ /* If opendir() was called with VMS-style file spec, */ /* readdir() will return every version of each file in the */ /* directory. In this case the name returned in d_name */ /* member of the dirent structure will contain file name, */ /* file extension and file version fields. All in upper */ /* case, like "FOO.BAR;1". */ for ( dp = readdir(dir_pointer); dp && strcmp(dp->d_name, name); dp = readdir(dir_pointer) ) ; closedir(dir_pointer); if ( dp != NULL ) return FOUND; else return NOT_FOUND; } int main(void) { char *filename = "foo.bar"; FILE *fp; remove(filename); if ( !(fp = fopen(filename, "w")) ) { perror("fopen"); return (EXIT_FAILURE); } if ( dir_example( "FOO.BAR;1", 0 ) == FOUND ) puts("VMS style: found"); else puts("VMS style: not found"); if ( dir_example( "foo.bar", 1 ) == FOUND ) puts("Unix style: found"); else puts("Unix style: not found"); fclose(fp); remove(filename); return( EXIT_SUCCESS ); }

Return Values

0	Indicates success.
--1	Indicates an error and is further specified in the global errno .

Deactivate the video display attribute attr within the window. The clrattr function acts on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int clrattr (int attr);

int wclrattr (WINDOW *win, int attr);

Arguments

win

A pointer to the window.

attr

Video display attributes that can be blinking, boldface, reverse video, and underlining; they are represented by the defined constants _BLINK, _BOLD, _REVERSE, and _UNDERLINE. To clear multiple attributes, separate them with a bitwise OR operator (|) as follows:

clrattr(_BLINK | _UNDERLINE);

Description

These functions are specific to Compaq C for OpenVMS Systems and are not portable.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates an error.

Erase the contents of the window from the current position of the cursor to the bottom of the window. The clrtobot function acts on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int clrtobot();

int wclrtobot (WINDOW *win);

Argument

win

A pointer to the window.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates an error.

Erase the contents of the window from the current cursor position to the end of the line on the specified window. The clrtoeol function acts on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

int clrtoeol();

int wclrtoeol (WINDOW *win);

Argument

win

A pointer to the window.

Return Values

OK	Indicates success.
ERR	Indicates an error.

Determines the current value of a specified system variable defined by a string value.

Format

#include <unistd.h>

size_t confstr (int name, char *buf, size_t len);

Arguments

name

The system variable setting. Valid values for the name argument are the _CS_X names defined in the <unistd.h> header file.

buf

Pointer to the buffer where the confstr function copies the name value.

len

The size of the buffer storing the name value.

Description

This function allows an application to determine the current setting of certain system parameters, limits, or options that are defined by a string value. The function is mainly used by applications to find the system default value for the PATH environment variable.

If the following conditions are true, then the confstr function copies that value into a len-byte buffer pointed to by buf:

• The len argument is not 0 (zero).
• The name argument has a system-defined value.
• The buf argument is not a NULL pointer.

If the returned string is longer than len bytes, including the terminating null, then the confstr function truncates the string to len --1 bytes and adds a terminating null to the result. The application can detect that the string was truncated by comparing the value returned by the confstr function with the value of the len argument.

The <limits.h> header file contains system-defined limits. The <unistd.h> header file contains system-defined environmental variables.

Example

To find out how big a buffer is needed to store the string value of name, enter:

confstr(_CS_PATH, NULL, (size_t) 0)

The confstr function returns the size of the buffer necessary.

Return Values

0

Indicates an error. When the specified name value: Is invalid, errno is set to EINVAL. Does not have a system-defined value, errno is not set.

n

The size of the buffer needed to hold the value. When the value of the name argument is system-defined, confstr returns the size of the buffer needed to hold the entire value. If this return value is greater than the len value, the string returned as the buf value is truncated. When the value of the len argument is set to 0 or the buf value is NULL, confstr returns the size of the buffer needed to hold the entire system-defined value. The string value is not copied.

Returns x with the same sign as y.

Format

#include <math.h>

double copysign (double x, double y);

float copysignf (float x, float y); (ALPHA ONLY)

long double copysignl (long double x, long double y); (ALPHA ONLY)

Argument

x

A real value.

y

A real value.

Description

The copysign functions return x with the same sign as y. IEEE 754 requires copysign (x,NaN), copysignf (x,NaN) and copysignl (x,NaN) to return +x or -x.

Return Values

x	The value of x with the same sign as y.

Returns the cosine of its radian argument.

Format

#include <math.h>

double cos (double x);

float cosf (float x); (ALPHA ONLY)

long double cosl (long double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

double cosd (double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

float cosdf (float x); (ALPHA ONLY)

long double cosdl (long double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

Argument

x

A radian expressed as a real value.

Description

The cos functions return the cosine of their argument, measured in radians.

The cosd functions return the cosine of their argument, measured in degrees.

|x| = Infinity is an invalid argument.

Return Values

x	The cosine of the argument.
HUGE_VAL	Indicates that the argument is too large; errno is set to ERANGE.

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of its radian argument.

Format

#include <math.h>

double cosh (double x);

float coshf (float x); (ALPHA ONLY)

long double coshl (long double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

Argument

x

A radian expressed as a real number.

Description

The cosh functions return the hyperbolic cosine of x and are defined as (e**x + e**(-x))/2.

Return Values

x	The hyperbolic cosine of the argument.
HUGE_VAL	Indicates that the argument is too large; errno is set to ERANGE.

Returns the cotangent of its radian argument.

Format

#include <math.h>

double cot (double x);

float cotf (float x); (ALPHA ONLY)

long double cotl (long double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

double cotd (double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

float cotdf (float x); (ALPHA ONLY)

long double cotdl (long double x); (ALPHA ONLY)

Argument

x

A radian expressed as a real number.

Description

The cot functions return the cotangent of their argument, measured in radians.

The cotd functions return the cotangent of their argument, measured in degrees.

x = 0 is an invalid argument.

Return Values

x	The cotangent of the argument.
HUGE_VAL	Indicates that the argument is zero; errno is set to ERANGE.

Creates a new file.

Format

#include <fcntl.h>

int creat (const char *file_spec, mode_t mode); (ISO POSIX-1)

int creat (const char *file_spec, mode_t mode, ...); (COMPAQ C EXTENSION)

Arguments

file_spec

A null-terminated string containing any valid file specification.

mode

An unsigned value that specifies the file-protection mode. The compiler performs a bitwise AND operation on the mode and the complement of the current protection mode.

You can construct modes by using the bitwise OR operator (|) to create mode combinations. The modes are as follows:

0400	OWNER:READ
0200	OWNER:WRITE
0100	OWNER:EXECUTE
0040	GROUP:READ
0020	GROUP:WRITE
0010	GROUP:EXECUTE
0004	WORLD:READ
0002	WORLD:WRITE
0001	WORLD:EXECUTE

The system is given the same privileges as the owner. A WRITE privilege implies a DELETE privilege.

Note To create files with OpenVMS RMS default protections using the UNIX system-call functions umask , mkdir , creat , and open , call mkdir , creat , and open with a file-protection mode argument of 0777 in a program that never specifically calls umask . These default protections include correctly establishing protections based on ACLs, previous versions of files, and so on. In programs that do vfork / exec calls, the new process image inherits whether umask has ever been called or not from the calling process image. The umask setting and whether the umask function has ever been called are both inherited attributes.

...

An optional argument list of character strings of the following form:

"keyword = value",...,"keyword = value"

Or in the case of "acc" or "err", this form:

"keyword"

Here, keyword is an RMS field in the file access block (FAB) or record access block (RAB); value is valid for assignment to that field. Some fields permit you to specify more than one value. In these cases, the values are separated by commas.

The RMS callback keywords "acc" and "err" are the only keywords that do not take values. Instead, they are followed by a pointer to the callback routine to be used, followed by a pointer to a user-specified value to be used as the first argument of the callback routine. For example, to set up an access callback routine called acc_callback whose first argument is a pointer to the integer variable first_arg in a call to open , you can use the following statement:

open("file.dat", O_RDONLY, 0 ,"acc", acc_callback, &first_arg)

The second and third arguments to the callback routine must be pointers to a FAB and RAB, respectively, and the routine must have a return type of int . If the callback returns a value less than 0, the open , creat , or fopen fails. The error callback can correct the error condition and return a status greater than or equal to 0 to continue the creat call. Assuming the previous open statement, the function prototype for acc_callback would be similar to the following statement:

#include <rms.h> int acc_callback(int *first_arg, struct FAB *fab, struct RAB *rab);

FAB and RAB are defined in the <rms.h> header file, and the actual pointers passed to the routine are pointers to the RAB and FAB being used to open the file file.dat.

If an access callback routine is established, then it will be called in the open-type routine immediately before the call to the RMS function sys$create or sys$open. If an error callback routine is established and an error status is returned from the sys$create or sys$open function, then the callback routine will be invoked immediately after the status is checked and the error value is discovered.

Note Any manipulation of the RAB or FAB in a callback function could lead to serious problems in later calls to the Compaq C RTL I/O functions.

Table REF-3 describes the RMS keywords and values.

Table REF-3 RMS Valid Keywords and Values

Keyword	Value	Description
"acc"	callback	Access callback routine.
"alq = n"	decimal	Allocation quantity.
"bls = n"	decimal	Block size.
"ctx = bin"	string	No translation of '\n' to the terminal. Use this for writing binary data to files.
"ctx=cvt"	string	Negates a previous setting of "ctx=nocvt". This is the default.
"ctx = nocvt"	string	No conversion of Fortran carriage-control bytes.
"ctx = rec"	string	Force record mode access.
"ctx = stm"	string	Force stream mode access.
"ctx=xplct"	string	Causes records to be written only when explicitly specified by a call to fflush , close , or fclose .
"deq = n"	decimal	Default extension quantity.
"dna = filespec"	string	Default file-name string.
"err"	callback	Error callback routine.
"fop = val, val ,..."		File-processing options:
	ctg cbt dfw dlt tef cif sup scf spl tmd tmp nef rck wck mxv rwo pos rwc sqo	Contiguous. Contiguous-best-try. Deferred write; only applicable to files opened for shared access. Delete file on close. Truncate at end-of-file. Create if nonexistent. Supersede. Submit as command file on close. Spool to system printer on close. Temporary delete. Temporary (no file directory). Not end-of-file. Read check compare operation. Write check compare operation. Maximize version number. Rewind file on open. Current position. Rewind file on close. File can only be processed in a sequential manner.
"fsz = n"	decimal	Fixed header size.
"gbc = n"	decimal	The requested number of global buffers for a file.
"mbc = n"	decimal	Multiblock count.
"mbf = n"	decimal	Multibuffer count.
"mrs = n"	decimal	Maximum record size.
"pmt=usr-prmpt"	string	Prompts for terminal input. Any RMS input from a terminal device will be preceded by "usr-prmpt" when this option and "rop=pmt" are specified.
"rat = val, val..."		Record attributes:
	cr blk ftn none prn	Carriage-return control. Disallow records to span block boundaries. FORTRAN print control. Explicitly forces no carriage control. Print file format.
"rfm = val"		Record format:
	fix stm stmlf stmcr var vfc udf	Fixed-length record format. RMS stream record format. Stream format with line-feed terminator. Stream format with carriage-return terminator. Variable-length record format. Variable-length record with fixed control. Undefined.
"rop = val, val..."		Record-processing operations:
	asy	Asynchronous I/O.
	cco	Cancel Ctrl/O (used with Terminal I/O).
	cvt	Capitalizes characters on a read from the terminal.
	eof	Positions the record stream to the end-of-file for the connect operation only.
	nlk	Do not lock record.
	pmt	Enables use of the prompt specified by "pmt=usr-prmpt" on input from the terminal.
	pta	Eliminates any information in the type-ahead buffer on a read from the terminal.
	rea	Locks record for a read operation for this process, while allowing other accessors to read the record.
	rlk	Locks record for write.
	rne	Suppresses echoing of input data on the screen as it is entered on the keyboard.
	rnf	Indicates that Ctrl/U, Ctrl/R, and DELETE are not to be considered control commands on terminal input, but are to be passed to the application program.
	rrl	Reads regardless of lock.
	syncsts	Returns success status of RMS$_SYNCH if the requested service completes its task immediately.
	tmo	Timeout I/O.
	tpt	Allows put/write services using sequential record access mode to occur at any point in the file, truncating the file at that point.
	ulk	Prohibits RMS from automatically unlocking records.
	wat	Wait until record is available, if currently locked by another stream.
	rah	Read ahead.
	wbh	Write behind.
"rtv=n"	decimal	The number of retrieval pointers that RMS has to maintain in memory (0 to 127,255).
"shr = val, val, ..."		File sharing options:
	del get mse nil put upd upi nql	Allows users to delete. Allows users to read. Allows multi-stream connects. Prohibits file sharing. Allows users to write. Allows users to update. Allows one or more writers. No query locking (file level).
"tmo = n"	decimal	I/O timeout value.

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