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See Section 4.2 for more information on signal handling.
x The address of the function previously established as the action for the signal. The address may be the value SIG_DFL (0) or SIG_IGN (1). 0 Indicates errors. For this reason, there is no way to know whether a return status of 0 indicates failure, or whether it indicates that a previous action was SIG_DFL (0).
Deactivate the boldface attribute for the specified window. The standend function operates on the stdscr window.
#include <curses.h>int standend (void);
int wstandend (WINDOW *win);
win
A pointer to the window.
The standend and wstandend functions are equivalent to clrattr and wclrattr called with the attribute _BOLD.
OK Indicates success. ERR Indicates an error.
Activate the boldface attribute of the specified window. The standout function acts on the stdscr window.
#include <curses.h>int standout (void);
int wstandout (WINDOW *win);
win
A pointer to the window.
The standout and wstandout functions are equivalent to setattr and wsetattr called with the attribute _BOLD.
OK Indicates success. ERR Indicates an error.
Accesses information about the specified file.
#include <stat.h>Function Variants Compiling with the _DECC_V4_SOURCE and _VMS_V6_SOURCE feature-test macros defined enables a local-time-based entry point to this function that is equivalent to the behavior before OpenVMS Version 7.0.int stat (const char *file_spec, struct stat *buffer);
(ISO POSIX-1) int stat (const char *file_spec, struct stat *buffer, ...);
(DEC C EXTENSION)
file_spec
A valid OpenVMS or UNIX style file specification (no wildcards). Read, write, or execute permission of the named file is not required, but you must be able to reach all directories listed in the file specification leading to the file. For more information about UNIX style file specifications, see Chapter 1.buffer
A pointer to a structure of type stat_t that is defined in the <stat.h> header file.The argument receives information about the particular file. The members of the structure pointed to by buffer are described as follows:
Member Type Definition st_dev dev_t Pointer to the physical device name st_ino[3] ino_t Three words to receive the file ID st_mode mode_t File "mode" (prot, dir,...) st_nlink nlink_t For UNIX system compatibility only st_uid uid_t Owner user ID st_gid gid_t Group member: from st_uid st_rdev dev_t UNIX system compatibility -- always 0 st_size off_t File size, in bytes st_atime time_t File access time; always the same as st_mtime st_mtime time_t Last modification time st_ctime time_t File creation time st_fab_rfm char Record format st_fab_rat char Record attributes st_fab_fsz char Fixed header size st_fab_mrs unsigned Record size The types dev_t , ino_t , off_t , mode_t , nlink_t , uid_t , gid_t , and time_t , are defined in the <stat.h> header file. However, when compiling for compatibility (/DEFINE=_DECC_V4_SOURCE), only dev_t , ino_t , and off_t are defined.
As of OpenVMS Version 7.0, times are given in seconds since the Epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970).
The st_mode structure member is the status information mode defined in the <stat.h> header file. The st_mode bits are described as follows:
Bits Constant Definition 0170000 S_IFMT Type of file 0040000 S_IFDIR Directory 0020000 S_IFCHR Character special 0060000 S_IFBLK Block special 0100000 S_IFREG Regular 0030000 S_IFMPC Multiplexed char special 0070000 S_IFMPB Multiplexed block special 0004000 S_ISUID Set user ID on execution 0002000 S_ISGID Set group ID on execution 0001000 S_ISVTX Save swapped text even after use 0000400 S_IREAD Read permission, owner 0000200 S_IWRITE Write permission, owner 0000100 S_IEXEC Execute/search permission, owner
This function does not work on remote network files.If the file is a record file, the st_size field includes carriage-control information. Consequently, the st_size value will not correspond to the number of characters that can be read from the file.
0 Indicates success. --1 Indicates an error other than a privilege violation; errno is set to indicate the error. --2 Indicates a privilege violation.
Does a case-insensitive comparison of two 7-bit ASCII strings.
#include <strings.h>int strcasecmp (const char *s1, const char *s2);
s1
The first of two strings to compare.s2
The second of two strings to compare.
This function is case-insensitive. The returned lexicographic difference reflects a conversion to lowercase.The strcasecmp function works for 7-bit ASCII compares only. Do not use this function for internationalized applications.
n An integer value greater than, equal to, or less than 0 (zero), depending on whether the s1 string is greater than, equal to, or less than the s2 string.
Concatenates str_2, including the terminating null character, to the end of str_1.
#include <string.h>Function Variants This function also has variants named _strcat32 and _strcat64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.8 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strcat (char *str_1, const char *str_2);
str_1, str_2
Pointers to null-terminated character strings.
See also strncat in this section.
x The address of the first argument, str_1, which is assumed to be large enough to hold the concatenated result.
#include <string.h> /* This program concatenates two strings using the strcat function, and * * then manually compares the result of strcat to the expected result. */ #define S1LENGTH 10 #define S2LENGTH 8 main() { static char s1buf[S1LENGTH+S2LENGTH] = "abcmnexyz"; static char s2buf[] = " orthis"; static char test1[] = "abcmnexyz orthis"; int i; char *status; /* Take static buffer s1buf, * * concatenate static buffer s2buf to it, * * and compare the answer in s1buf with * * the static answer in test1. */ status = strcat(s1buf, s2buf); for (i = 0; i <= S1LENGTH+S2LENGTH-2; i++) { /* Check for correct returned string. */ if (test1[i] != s1buf[i]) printf("error in strcat"); } }
Returns the address of the first occurrence of a given character in a null-terminated string. The terminating null character is considered to be part of the string.
#include <string.h>Function Variants This function also has variants named _strchr32 and _strchr64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.8 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strchr (const char *str, int character);
str
A pointer to a null-terminated character string.character
An object of type int .
See also strrchr in this section.
x The address of the first occurrence of the specified character. NULL Indicates that the character does not occur in the string.
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> main() { static char s1buf[] = "abcdefghijkl lkjihgfedcba"; int i; char *status; /* This program checks the strchr function by incrementally * * going through a string that ascends to the middle and then * * descends towards the end. */ for (i = 0; s1buf[i] != '\0' && s1buf[i] != ' '; i++) { status = strchr(s1buf, s1buf[i]); /* Check for pointer to leftmost character - test 1. */ if (status != &s1buf[i]) printf("error in strchr"); } }
Compares two ASCII character strings and returns a negative, 0, or positive integer, indicating that the ASCII values of the individual characters in the first string are less than, equal to, or greater than the values in the second string.
#include <string.h>int strcmp (const char *str_1, const char *str_2);
str_1, str_2
Pointers to character strings.
The strings are compared until a null character is encountered or until the strings differ.
< 0 Indicates that str_1 is less than str_2. = 0 Indicates that str_1 equals str_2. > 0 Indicates that str_1 is greater than str_2.
Compares two strings and returns an integer that indicates if the strings differ and how they differ. The function uses the collating information in the LC_COLLATE category of the current locale to determine how the comparison is performed.
#include <string.h>int strcoll (const char *s1, const char *s2);
s1, s2
Pointers to character strings.
This function, unlike strcmp , compares two strings in a locale-dependent manner. Because no value is reserved for error indication, the application must check for one by setting errno to 0 before the function call and testing it after the call.See also the strxfrm function is this section.
< 0 Indicates that s1 is less than s2. = 0 Indicates that the strings are equal. > 0 Indicates that s1 is greater than s2.
Copies all of str_2, including the terminating null character, into str_1.
#include <string.h>Function Variants This function also has variants named _strcpy32 and _strcpy64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.8 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strcpy (char *str_1, const char *str_2);
str_1, str_2
Pointers to character strings.
This function copies str_2 into str_1, and stops after copying str_2's null character.The behavior of this function is undefined if the area pointed to by str_1 overlaps the area pointed to by str_2.
x The address of str_1.
Returns the length of the prefix of a string that consists entirely of characters not in a specified set of characters.
#include <string.h>size_t strcspn (const char *str, const char *charset);
str
A pointer to a character string. If this character string is a null string, 0 is returned.charset
A pointer to a character string containing the set of characters.
This function scans the characters in the string, stops when it encounters a character found in charset, and returns the length of the string's initial segment formed by characters not found in charset.If none of the characters match in the character strings pointed to by str and charset, strcspn returns the length of string.
x The length of the segment.
Finds and points to a duplicate string.
#include <string.h>Function Variants This function also has variants named _strdup32 and _strdup64 for use with 32-bit and 64-bit pointer sizes, respectively. See Section 1.8 for more information on using pointer-size-specific functions.char *strdup (const char *s1);
s1
The first of two strings to compare.
This function returns a pointer to a string that is an exact duplicate of the string pointed to by s1. The malloc function is used to allocate space for the new string. The strdup function is provided for compatibility with existing systems.
x A pointer to the resulting string. NULL Indicates an error.
Maps the error number in error_code to a locale-dependent error message string.
#include <string.h>char *strerror (int error_code);
(ANSI C) char *strerror (int error_code[, int vms_error_code]);
(DEC C EXTENSION)
error_code
An error code.vms_error_code
An OpenVMS error code.
This function uses the error number in error_code to retrieve the appropriate locale-dependent error message. The contents of the error message strings are determined by the LC_MESSAGES category of the program's current locale.When a program is not compiled with any standards-related feature-test macros (see Section 1.5.1), strerror has a second argument (vms_error_code), which is used in the following way:
- If error_code is EVMSERR and there is a second argument, then that second argument is used as the vaxc$errno value.
- If error_code is EVMSERR and there is no second argument, look at vaxc$errno to get the OpenVMS error condition.
See the strerror example.
Use of the second argument is not included in the ANSI C definition of strerror and is, therefore, not portable.
Because no return value is reserved to indicate an error, applications should set the value of errno to 0, call strerror , and then test the value of errno ; a nonzero value indicates an error condition.
x A pointer to a buffer containing the appropriate error message. Do not modify this buffer in your programs. Moreover, calls to the strerror function may overwrite this buffer with a new message.
#include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <ssdef.h> main() { puts( strerror (EVMSERR) ); errno = EVMSERR; vaxc$errno = SS$_LINKEXIT; puts( strerror (errno) ); puts( strerror (EVMSERR, SS$_ABORT ) ); exit(1); }
Running this example produces the following output:
non-translatable vms error code: <none> network partner exited abort |
Converts a number of monetary values into a string. The conversion is controlled by a format string.
#include <monetary.h>ssize_t strfmon (char *s, size_t maxsize, const char *format, ...);
s
A pointer to the resultant string.maxsize
The maximum number of bytes to be stored in the resultant string.format
A pointer to a string that controls the format of the output string....
The monetary values of type double that are to be formatted for the output string. There should be as many values as there are conversion specifications in the format string pointed to by format. The function fails if there are insufficient values. Excess arguments are ignored.
This function creates a string pointed to by s, using the monetary values supplied. A maximum of maxsize bytes is copied to s.The format string pointed to by format consists of ordinary characters and conversion specifications. All ordinary characters are copied unchanged to the output string. A conversion specification defines how one of the monetary values supplied is formatted in the output string.
A conversion specification consists of a percent character (%), followed by a number of optional characters (see Table REF-5), and concluding with a conversion specifier (see Table REF-6).
If any of the optional characters listed in Table REF-5 is included in a conversion specification, they must appear in the order shown.
Table REF-5 Optional Characters in strfmon Conversion Specifications Character Meaning = character Use character as the numeric fill character if a left precision is specified. The default numeric fill character is the space character. The fill character must be representable as a single byte in order to work with precision and width count. This conversion specifier is ignored unless a left precision is specified, and it does not affect width filling, which always uses the space character. ^ Do not use separator characters to format the number. By default, the digits are grouped according to the mon_grouping field in the LC_MONETARY category of the current locale. + Add the string specified by the positive_sign or negative_sign fields in the current locale. If p_sign_posn or n_sign_posn is set to zero, then parentheses are used by default to indicate negative values. Otherwise, sign strings are used to indicate the sign of the value. You cannot use a + and a ( in the same conversion specification. ( Enclose negative values within parentheses. The default is taken from the p_sign_posn and n_sign_posn fields in the current locale. If p_sign_posn or n_sign_posn is set to zero, then parentheses are used by default to indicate negative values. Otherwise, sign strings are used to indicate the sign of the value. You cannot use a + and ( in the same conversion specification. ! Suppress the currency symbol. By default, the currency symbol is included. -- Left-justify the value within the field. By default, values are right-justified. field width A decimal integer that specifies the minimum field width in which to align the result of the conversion. The default field width is the smallest field that can contain the result. #left_precision A # followed by a decimal integer specifies the number of digits to the left of the radix character. Extra positions are filled by the fill character. By default the precision is the smallest required for the argument. If grouping is not suppressed with the ^ conversion specifier, and if grouping is defined for the current locale, grouping separators are inserted before any fill characters are added. Grouping separators are not applied to fill characters even if the fill character is defined as a digit. .right_precision A period (.) followed by a decimal integer specifies the number of digits to the right of the radix character. Extra positions are filled with zeros. The amount is rounded to this number of decimal places. If the right precision is zero, the radix character is not included in the output. By default the right precision is defined by the frac_digits or int_frac_digits field of the current locale.
Table REF-6 strfmon Conversion Specifiers Specifier Meaning i Use the international currency symbol defined by the int_currency_symbol field in the current locale, unless the currency symbol has been suppressed. n Use the local currency symbol defined by the currency_symbol field in the current locale, unless the currency symbol has been suppressed. % Output a % character. The conversion specification must be %%; none of the optional characters is valid with this specifier.
x The number of bytes written to the string pointed to by s, not including the null terminating character. --1 Indicates an error.The function sets errno to one of the following values:
- EINVAL -- A conversion specification is syntactically incorrect.
- E2BIG -- Processing the complete format string would produce more than maxsize bytes.
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