• Appendix A includes tables and procedures for using DECwindows with your keyboard.
• Appendix B provides a quick overview of files, directories, and devices and their place in the VMS directory structure.
• Appendix C contains DECwindows troubleshooting guidelines.
• Appendix D lists error messages that might appear when you are starting a session, working with the Session Manager, or running applications on remote systems.
• Appendix E contains information about DECwindows X Windows system resources.

This appendix contains tables and procedures that describe how to use a keyboard to work with menus, windows, and dialog boxes.

A.1 Traversing Menu Bars and Pull-Down Menus

Table A-1 describes how to traverse menu bars and pull-down menus.

Table A-1 Traversing the Menu Bar and Pull-Down Menus

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Move to first menu in menu bar	F10
Pull down a menu from the menu bar	Alt+ mnemonic	Pulls down the menu from the menu bar that is associated with that mnemonic.
Move to next menu item in a pull-down menu	<uparrow symbol> or <downarrow symbol>	Moves the location cursor up or down; it cycles (wraps) at the top and bottom.
Move to another pull-down menu in the menu bar	<- or ->	Moves the location cursor left or right; it cycles (wraps) at each end
Activate menu item	Return, Ctrl+Return, or Enter	Activates the highlighted menu item.
Remove menu from screen and move cursor to button used to pull down the menu	F11 (ESC)	When a menu is pulled down.
Move location cursor from menu bar to where it was before you started using the menu bar	F11 (ESC)	Works only with an explicit focus policy. With an implicit focus policy, the location cursor moves from the menu bar to wherever the pointer is located.
Dismiss all menus	F10	If you are using an explicit focus policy, the cursor goes to where it was before you started using the menus. With an implicit focus policy, the focus moves to wherever the pointer is situated.

Table A-2 describes how to traverse pop-up menus.

Table A-2 Traversing Pop-Up Menus

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Display the pop-up menu	F4	When the location cursor is on a control that has a pop-up menu associated with it.
Move to next menu item in a pop-up menu	<uparrow symbol> or <downarrow symbol>	A menu item should be highlighted as you move up or down the menu.
Display a submenu from a pop-up menu item	->	Moves you to a submenu if there is one (in left-to-right environments).
Activate menu item	Return, Ctrl+Return, or Enter	Activates the highlighted menu item.
Remove menu from screen	F11 (ESC)	With explicit focus, makes a pop-up menu disappear and moves the location cursor to the control from which the menu popped up. With implicit (pointer) focus, the focus returns to wherever the pointer is situated on the screen.
Dismiss the menu	F4	When you are using an explicit focus policy, the cursor goes back to where it was before the menu popped up. In implicit focus, the focus returns to wherever the pointer is located.

Table A-3 describes how to traverse submenus.

Table A-3 Traversing Submenus

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Display a submenu	Arrow key in the direction the menu goes Ctrl+Arrow key Return Ctrl+Return Enter	Pressing any of the keys listed makes the menu appear.
Activate a menu item in a submenu	Return, Ctrl+Return, or Enter
Move to another menu item in a submenu	<uparrow symbol> or <downarrow symbol>	These keys move up and down within the submenu; they cycle at the top or bottom.
Move to the pull-down menu item from which the submenu came	<-	Makes the submenu menu disappear and highlights the menu item from which the submenu menu came.
Select the default entry in a submenu menu	Alt+ mnemonic of the submenu item	The mnemonic you press is the one associated with the parent menu.

Table A-4 describes how to move to a previous menu.

Table A-4 Moving to a Previous Menu

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Move the location cursor from any submenu item to the parent menu	<- Ctrl+ <- Ctrl+<uparrow symbol>	See Figure A-1.
Move the location cursor from a menu item to the default menu item in the menu just to the left of the current cursor location	<- Ctrl+ <- Ctrl+<uparrow symbol>	See Figure A-1.

Figure A-1 Moving to a Previous Menu

Table A-5 describes how to move to the next menu.

Table A-5 Moving to the Next Menu

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Move the location cursor from a menu item in a pull-down menu to the default menu item in the associated submenu	-> Ctrl+-> Ctrl+<downarrow symbol>	See Figure A-2.
Move the location cursor from a menu item in a pull-down menu to the default menu item in the pull-down menu just to the right of the current location cursor	Press -> Ctrl+-> Ctrl+<downarrow symbol>	See Figure A-2.

Figure A-2 Moving to the Next Menu

The following sections describe how to use your keyboard to move between and within windows.

A.2.1 Moving Between Windows

To move between groups of windows:

• Press Alt+Tab or Alt+F11 to move from one group of windows to another.
  You can also use Alt+Tab or Alt+F11 to move from one minimized window to another when the minimized windows are not in an icon box. When a minimized window has input focus, its window menu appears, and the first menu item (Restore) is highlighted. (To move from one minimized window to another in an icon box, use the arrow keys.)
• Press Alt+F6 to move within a group of windows.
  For example, in the following figure, if window C.1 has input focus, and you want to change focus to window C.2, you would press Alt+F6. Pressing Alt+F6 would cycle through all of the secondary windows (C.1, C.2, and C.3) and primary window C. The input focus would move backwards through the windows in the order in which they last had focus.

  ---

  
• Press Alt+Shift+F11 or Alt+Shift+Tab to move to the previous group of windows.
• Press F4 to pop up the window menu of a minimized window when that window is in an icon box.
• Press the arrow keys to move between minimized windows that are in an icon box.
• Press Alt+F5 or Return to restore a minimized icon box.

To move within windows:

• Press F10 to focus on the menu bar.
• Press Alt+space bar or Shift+F11 (on some keyboards F11 is marked ESC) to pull down the window menu.
• Press Tab to move from one tab group to another.
• Use the accelerators for menu items in the window menu.

The following table summarizes keyboard accelerators available from the Window menu.

To	Press
Move a window	Alt+F7
Size a window	Alt+F8
Minimize a window	Alt+F9
Restore a minimized window	Alt+F5
Maximize a window	Alt+F10
Lower a window to the bottom of the window stack	Alt+F3
Close (not minimize) a window	Alt+F4

To move a window around the screen:

1. Press Alt+F7 or:
   • Press Alt+space bar or Shift+F11 to pull down the window menu.
   • Press <downarrow symbol> until the Move menu item is highlighted.
   • Press Return or Ctrl+Return to activate the menu item.
2. Press the arrow keys to move the window in the direction that you want it to go. You can also press Ctrl+arrow keys to move the window several pixels at a time.
3. Press Return or Ctrl+Return to finish the operation.

To size a window:

1. Press Alt+F8 or:
   • Press Alt+space bar or Shift+F11 to pull down the window menu.
   • Press <downarrow symbol> until the Size menu item is highlighted.
   • Press Return or Ctrl+Return to activate the menu item.
2. Press one arrow key to indicate which side of the window to size. For example, press <uparrow symbol> for the top of the window, <- for the left side, and so on. You can also press two arrow keys, one after the other, to indicate which corner to size. For example, press <uparrow symbol> and then <- to indicate the upper left corner, and so on.
3. Once you have indicated which side or corner of the window size, press the arrow keys to size the window in the direction that you want the window to be sized. You can also press Ctrl+arrow keys to size the window several pixels at a time.
4. Press Return or Ctrl+Return to finish the operation.

Table A-6 describes how to work with dialog boxes.

Table A-6 Working with Dialog Boxes

To	Press
Move forward from tab group to tab group (field to field)	Tab or Ctrl+Tab
Move backward from tab group to tab group	Shift+Tab or Ctrl+Shift+Tab
Move from item to item within a tab group (field)	Arrow keys
Activate a selection in a group of radio boxes, check boxes, or list boxes, or to pop up an options menu	Select, space bar, or Ctrl+space bar
Activate an item in a group of push buttons	Select, space bar, Ctrl+space bar, Return
Activate an item in a group of push buttons	Ctrl+Return or Enter
Activate an item in an Options menu or the default action of the dialog box	Return, Ctrl+Return, or Enter
Cancel a dialog box or an Options menu	F11 (ESC)

Table A-7 describes how to move within dialog boxes.

Table A-7 Moving Within Dialog Boxes

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Move cursor from button to button	Arrow keys	Sets of check buttons, push buttons, or radio buttons are considered one tab group (a single button is not a tab group). Use the arrow keys to move the location cursor from one item to another.
		For example, if the buttons are arranged vertically, you can press <uparrow symbol> or <- to go up, and you can press <downarrow symbol> or -> to move down. If the buttons are arranged horizontally, press <- or <uparrow symbol> to move left, and press -> or <downarrow symbol> to move right.
		In some cases, buttons are not arranged in a primarily vertical or horizontal manner. Rather, they might be arranged in a box format, as the following numbers show: 1 2 3 4
		Pressing the arrows keys moves through the buttons in the following manner (starting at 1): -> moves: 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, . . . <downarrow symbol> moves: 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 4, 1, . . . <- moves: 4, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, . . . <uparrow symbol> moves: 4, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 1, . . .
Insert one space in an entry box	Space bar	Pressing Ctrl+space bar does nothing.
Move to another options menu item or another list box item	<uparrow symbol> or <downarrow symbol>
Move left or right one character	<- or ->	Use these arrow keys in list boxes to display more text, for example, to display the end of a long file name.
Move up one screen (page)	Prev Screen
Move down one screen (page)	Next Screen
Move left one screen	Ctrl+Prev Screen
Move right one screen	Ctrl+Next Screen
Go to the top of the list or file	Ctrl+Alt+ <-
Go to the bottom of the list or file	Ctrl+Alt+->
Display leftmost character (go to the beginning of a line)	Alt+ <-
Display rightmost character (go to the end of a line)	Alt->
Cancel	F11 (ESC)	Pressing F11 (ESC) cancels any action in the entire dialog box and makes the dialog box disappear.

Table A-8 describes how to activate items in a tab group.

Table A-8 Activating Items in a Tab Group

To	Press	Example or Explanation
Activate check or radio buttons	Select, space bar or Ctrl+space bar	Radio buttons can be either toggled or set.
Activate an options menu	Select, space bar or Ctrl+space bar	You do not need to keep the key pressed to keep the menu visible. Press the key once and the menu remains.
Activate an options menu item	Return, Ctrl+Return, or Enter	Once you have chosen a menu item, the Options menu disappears.
Activate push buttons	Select, space bar, Ctrl+space bar, Return, Ctrl+Return, or Enter	Return or Ctrl+Return activate the default push button. If you have more than one tab group of push buttons, Return and Ctrl+Return activate only the default buttons, and do not activate any buttons in the other tab group.