Updated: 11 December 1998

OpenVMS Utility Routines Manual

Example 17-5 is a DEC C program that demonstrates a sort operation using the STABLE option and two test keys.

Example 17-5 Using SOR Routines to Sort Records Using the STABLE Option and Two Text Keys in a DEC C Program

/* C Program Example This program demonstrates the use of the STABLE option with 2 ascending text keys to sort a file of names. The names are sorted by the first 6 characters of the last name and the first 6 characters of the first name. The contents of the input file and resulting output file are listed below. The associated C program code listing follows. ................................................................... Input file: example.in JONES DAVID WARNER LIZZY SMITTS JAMES SMITH RANDY BROWN TONY GRANT JOSEPH BROWN JAMES JONES DAVID BAKER PAMELA SMART SHERYL RUSSO JOSEPH JONES DONALD BROWN GORDON ................................................................... Output file: example.out BAKER PAMELA BROWN GORDON BROWN JAMES BROWN TONY GRANT JOSEPH JONES DAVID JONES DAVID JONES DONALD RUSSO JOSEPH SMART SHERYL SMITH RANDY SMITTS JAMES WARNER LIZZY ................................................................... */ /* **================================================================= ** ** EXAMPLE.C code: ** ** Abstract: Example of using sort with the STABLE option and ** 2 text keys (both ascending). ** ** ** Input file: example.in ** Output file: example.out ** **================================================================= */ /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** Include files: */ # include <stdlib.h> # include <stdio.h> # include <string.h> # include <descrip.h> # include <ssdef.h> # include <sor$routines.h> /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** Local macro definitions: */ # define MAX_REC_LEN 150 # define MAX_NUM_KEYS 10 /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** Local structure definitions. */ /* Define the description for each key. */ typedef struct { unsigned short type; /* Data type of key */ unsigned short order; /* Order of key */ unsigned short offset; /* Offset of key */ unsigned short len; /* Length of key */ } key_info; struct { unsigned short num; /* number of keys */ key_info key[MAX_NUM_KEYS]; } key_buffer; /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** External literals. */ globalvalue int SOR$M_STABLE; /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** Main entry point. */ main (int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; unsigned int options; /* Sort options */ unsigned int num_records_in; unsigned int num_records_out; unsigned int lrl; /* longest record length */ unsigned short size; /* record size from return_rec */ unsigned int status; unsigned long int return_status; FILE *infile; /* input file */ FILE *outfile; /* output file */ char record [MAX_REC_LEN]; $DESCRIPTOR (record_desc, record); lrl = sizeof(record); key_buffer.num = 2; key_buffer.key[0].type = DSC$K_DTYPE_T; key_buffer.key[0].order = 0; /* ascending */ key_buffer.key[0].offset = 0; key_buffer.key[0].len = 6; key_buffer.key[1].type = DSC$K_DTYPE_T; key_buffer.key[1].order = 0; /* ascending */ key_buffer.key[1].offset = 7; key_buffer.key[1].len = 6; /* Open input and output files. */ if (argc != 3) { printf("Usage: example inputfile outputfile\n"); exit(-1); } infile = fopen(argv[1], "r"); if (infile == (FILE *) NULL) { printf("Can't open input file %s\n",argv[1]); exit(-1); } outfile = fopen(argv[2], "w"); if (outfile == (FILE *) NULL) { printf("Can't create output file %s\n",argv[2]); exit(-1); } /* Specify options. Initialize the sort and check for errors. */ options = SOR$M_STABLE; return_status = SOR$BEGIN_SORT(&key_buffer, &lrl, &options, 0,0,0,0,0,0); if (return_status != SS$_NORMAL) { printf ("Status from SOR$BEGIN_SORT: 0x%x\n", return_status); exit(return_status); } /* Within a loop, get all the records from the input file. */ /* Exit if an error occurs. */ num_records_in = 0; while (fgets( record, lrl, infile) != NULL) { record_desc.dsc$w_length = strlen(record)-1; num_records_in++; return_status = SOR$RELEASE_REC(&record_desc,0); if (return_status != SS$_NORMAL) { printf ("Status from SOR$RELEASE_REC: 0x%x\n", return_status); exit(return_status); } } /* Sort all of the input records. */ /* Exit if an error occurs. */ return_status = SOR$SORT_MERGE(0); if (return_status != SS$_NORMAL) { printf ("Status from SOR$SORT_MERGE: 0x%x\n", return_status); exit(return_status); } /* Within a loop, write the sorted records to the output file. */ /* Exit if an error occurs, other than end-of-file. */ record_desc.dsc$w_length = lrl; num_records_out = 0; do { return_status = SOR$RETURN_REC(&record_desc,&size,0); if (return_status == SS$_NORMAL) { num_records_out++; status = fprintf (outfile,"%.*s\n", size, record); if (status < 0 ) { printf ("Error writing to output file, status = %d\n", status); exit(status); } } else if (return_status != SS$_ENDOFFILE) { printf ("Status from SOR$RETURN_REC: 0x%x\n", return_status); exit(return_status); }; } while (return_status != SS$_ENDOFFILE); /* Sanity check - assure number of input and output records match. */ if (num_records_out != num_records_in) { printf("Number of records out is not correct. # in = %d, # out = %d\n", num_records_out, num_records_in); exit(status); } /* Successful completion. Close input and output files. End program. */ return_status = SOR$END_SORT(0); if (return_status != SS$_NORMAL) { printf ("Status from SOR$END_SORT: 0x%x\n", return_status); exit(return_status); } fclose (infile); fclose (outfile); }

17.4 SOR Routines

This section describes the individual SOR routines.

The SOR$BEGIN_MERGE routine initializes the merge operation by opening the input and output files and by providing the number of input files, the key specifications, and the merge options.

Format

SOR$BEGIN_MERGE [key-buffer] [,lrl] [,options] [,merge_order] [,user_compare] [,user_equal] [,user_input] [,context]

RETURNS

OpenVMS usage:	cond_value
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	write only
mechanism:	by value

Longword condition value. Most Sort/Merge utility routines return a condition value in R0. Condition values that this routine can return are listed under Condition Values Returned.

Arguments

key_buffer

OpenVMS usage:	vector_word_unsigned
type:	word (unsigned)
access:	read only
mechanism:	by reference

Array of words describing the keys on which you plan to merge. The key_buffer argument is the address of an array containing the key descriptions.

The first word of this array contains the number of keys described (up to 255). Following the first word, each key is described (in order of priority) in blocks of four words. The four words specify the key's data type, order, offset, and length, respectively.

The first word of the block specifies the key's data type. The following data types are accepted:

DSC$K_DTYPE_Z	Unspecified (uninfluenced by collating sequence)
DSC$K_DTYPE_B	Byte integer (signed)
DSC$K_DTYPE_BU	Byte (unsigned)
DSC$K_DTYPE_W	Word integer (signed)
DSC$K_DTYPE_WU	Word (unsigned)
DSC$K_DTYPE_L	Longword integer (signed)
DSC$K_DTYPE_LU	Longword (unsigned)
DSC$K_DTYPE_Q	Quadword integer (signed)
DSC$K_DTYPE_QU	Quadword (unsigned)
DSC$K_DTYPE_O+	Octaword integer (signed)
DSC$K_DTYPE_OU+	Octaword (unsigned)
DSC$K_DTYPE_F	Single-precision floating
DSC$K_DTYPE_D	Double-precision floating
DSC$K_DTYPE_G	G-format floating
DSC$K_DTYPE_H+	H-format floating
DSC$K_DTYPE_FS++	IEEE single-precision S floating
DSC$K_DTYPE_FT++	IEEE double-precision T floating
DSC$K_DTYPE_T	Text (may be influenced by collating sequence)
DSC$K_DTYPE_NU	Numeric string, unsigned
DSC$K_DTYPE_NL	Numeric string, left separate sign
DSC$K_DTYPE_NLO	Numeric string, left overpunched sign
DSC$K_DTYPE_NR	Numeric string, right separate sign
DSC$K_DTYPE_NRO	Numeric string, right overpunched sign
DSC$K_DTYPE_NZ+	Numeric string, zoned sign
DSC$K_DTYPE_P	Packed decimal string

The OpenVMS Programming Interfaces: Calling a System Routine manual describes each of these data types.

The second word of the block specifies the key order: 0 for ascending order, 1 for descending order. The third word of the block specifies the relative offset of the key in the record. (Note that the first byte in the record is at position 0.) The fourth word of the block specifies the key length in bytes (in digits for packed decimal---DSC$K_DTYPE_P).

If you do not specify the key_buffer argument, you must pass either a key comparison routine or use a specification file to define the key.

lrl

options

The following table lists and describes the bit mask values available:

Flag	Description
SOR$M_STABLE	Keeps records with equal keys in the same order as they appeared on input.
SOR$M_EBCDIC	Orders ASCII character keys according to EBCDIC collating sequence. No translation takes place.
SOR$M_MULTI	Orders character keys according to the multinational collating sequence, which collates the international character set.
SOR$M_NOSIGNAL	Returns a status code instead of signaling errors.
SOR$M_NODUPS	Omits records with duplicate keys. You cannot use this option if you specify your own equal-key routine.
SOR$M_SEQ_CHECK	Requests an "out of order" error return if an input file is not already in sequence. By default, this check is not done. You must request sequence checking if you specify an equal-key routine.

All other bits in the longword are reserved and must be zero.

merge_order

user_compare

MERGE calls the comparison routine with five reference arguments---ADRS1, ADRS2, LENG1, LENG2, CNTX---corresponding to the addresses of the two records to be compared, the lengths of these two records, and the context longword.

The comparison routine must return a 32-bit integer value:

• --1 if the first record collates before the second
• 0 if the records collate as equal
• 1 if the first record collates after the second

user_equal

MERGE calls the duplicate key routine with five reference arguments---ADRS1, ADRS2, LENG1, LENG2, CNTX---corresponding to the addresses of the two records that compare equally, the lengths of the two records that compare equally, and the context longword.

The routine must return one of the following 32-bit condition codes:

Code	Description
SOR$_DELETE1	Delete the first record from the merge.
SOR$_DELETE2	Delete the second record from the merge.
SOR$_DELBOTH	Delete both records from the merge.
SS$_NORMAL	Keep both records in the merge.

Any other failure value causes the error to be signaled or returned. Any other success value causes an undefined result.

user_input

This input routine must read (or construct) a record, place it in a record buffer, store its length in an output argument, and then return control to MERGE.

The input routine must accept the following four arguments:

• A descriptor of the buffer where the routine must place the record
• A longword, passed by reference, containing the stream number from which to input a record (the first file is 1, the second 2, and so on)
• A word, passed by reference, where the routine must return the actual length of the record
• The context longword, passed by reference

The input routine must also return one of the following status values:

• SS$_NORMAL or any other success status causes the merge operation to continue.
• SS$_ENDOFFILE indicates that no more records are in the file. The contents of the buffer are ignored.
• Any other error status terminates the merge operation and passes the status value back to the caller of SOR$BEGIN_MERGE or SOR$RETURN_REC.

context

Description

The SOR$BEGIN_MERGE routine initializes the merge process by passing arguments that provide the number of input streams, the key specifications, and any merge options.

You must define the key by passing either the key buffer address argument or your own comparison routine address. (You can also define the key in a specification file and call the SOR$SPEC_FILE routine.)

The SOR$BEGIN_MERGE routine initializes the merge process in the file, record, and mixed interfaces. For record interface on input, you must also pass the merge order, the input routine address, and the longest record length. For files not on disk, you must pass the longest record length.

Some of the following condition values are used with different severities, depending on whether SORT/MERGE can recover. Thus, you should use LIB$MATCH_COND if you want to check for a specific status.

Condition Values Returned

SS$_NORMAL	Success.
SOR$_BADDTYPE	Invalid or unsupported CDD data type.
SOR$_BADLENOFF	Length and offset must be multiples of 8 bits.
SOR$_BADLOGIC	Internal logic error detected.
SOR$_BADOCCURS	Invalid OCCURS clause.
SOR$_BADOVRLAY	Invalid overlay structure.
SOR$_BADPROTCL	Node is an invalid CDD object.
SOR$_BAD_KEY	Invalid key specification.
SOR$_BAD_LRL	Record length n greater than specified longest record length.
SOR$_BAD_MERGE	Number of input files must be between 0 and 10. (For the high-performance Sort/Merge utility, the maximum number is 12.)
SOR$_BAD_ORDER	Merge input is out of order.
SOR$_BAD_SRL	Record length n is too short to contain keys.
SOR$_BAD_TYPE	Invalid sort process specified.
SOR$_CDDERROR	CDD error at node name.
SOR$_CLOSEIN	Error closing file as input.
SOR$_CLOSEOUT	Error closing file.
SOR$_COL_CHAR	Invalid character definition.
SOR$_COL_CMPLX	Collating sequence is too complex.
SOR$_COL_PAD	Invalid pad character.
SOR$_COL_THREE	Cannot define 3-byte collating values.
SOR$_ENDDIAGS	Completed with diagnostics.
SOR$_ILLBASE	Nondecimal base is invalid.
SOR$_ILLLITERL	Record containing symbolic literals is unsupported.
SOR$_ILLSCALE	Nonzero scale invalid for floating-point data item.
SOR$_INCDIGITS	Number of digits is not consistent with the type or length of item.
SOR$_INCNODATA	Include specification references no data, at line n.
SOR$_INCNOKEY	Include specification references no keys, at line n.
SOR$_IND_OVR	Indexed output file must already exist.
SOR$_KEYAMBINC	Key specification is ambiguous or inconsistent.
SOR$_KEYED	Mismatch between SORT/MERGE keys and primary file key.
SOR$_KEY_LEN	Invalid key length, key number n, length n.
SOR$_LRL_MISS	Longest record length must be specified.
SOR$_MISLENOFF	Length and offset required.
SOR$_MISS_PARAM	A required subroutine argument is missing.
SOR$_MULTIDIM	Invalid multidimensional OCCURS.
SOR$_NODUPEXC	Equal-key routine and no-duplicates option cannot both be specified.
SOR$_NOTRECORD	Node name is a name, not a record definition.
SOR$_NUM_KEY	Too many keys specified.
SOR$_NYI	Not yet implemented.
SOR$_OPENIN	Error opening file as input.
SOR$_OPENOUT	Error opening file as output.
SOR$_READERR	Error reading file.
SOR$_RTNERROR	Unexpected error status from user-written routine.
SOR$_SIGNCOMPQ	Absolute Date and Time data type represented in 1-second units.
SOR$_SORT_ON	Sort or merge routines called in incorrect order.
SOR$_SPCIVC	Invalid collating sequence specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVD	Invalid data type at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVF	Invalid field specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVI	Invalid include or omit specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVK	Invalid key or data specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVP	Invalid sort process at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVS	Invalid specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCIVX	Invalid condition specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCMIS	Invalid merge specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCOVR	Overridden specification at line n.
SOR$_SPCSIS	Invalid sort specification at line n.
SOR$_SRTIWA	Insufficient space. The specification file is too complex.
SOR$_STABLEEX	Equal-key routine and stable option cannot both be specified.
SOR$_SYSERROR	System service error.
SOR$_UNDOPTION	Undefined option flag was set.
SOR$_UNSUPLEVL	Unsupported core level for record name.
SOR$_WRITEERR	Error writing file.

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