OpenVMS System Services Reference Manual

Updated: 11 December 1998

OpenVMS System Services Reference Manual

Contents

Index

$SETSHLV

Controls whether a process automatically unshelves files.

Format

SYS$SETSHLV [pidadr] ,[prcnam] ,[shlvflg]

C Prototype

int sys$setshlv (unsigned int *pidadr, void *prcnam, unsigned int shlvflg);

Arguments

pidadr

OpenVMS usage: process_id

type: longword (unsigned)

access: modify

mechanism: by reference

Process identification (PID) of the process. The pidadr argument is the address of the PID. The pidadr argument can only refer to a process running on the local node. You cannot modify a process on a remote node.
You must specify the pidadr argument to modify a process whose UIC group number is different from that of the calling process.
prcnam

OpenVMS usage: process_name

type: character--coded text string

access: read only

mechanism: by descriptor--fixed-length string descriptor

Process name of the process. The prcnam argument is the address of a character string descriptor pointing to the process name. You identify a process with a 1- to 15-character string.
You can only use the prcnam argument to modify a process in the same UIC group as the calling process. To modify a process in another UIC group, you must specify the pidadr argument.
shlvflg

OpenVMS usage: longword_unsigned

type: longword (unsigned)

access: read only

mechanism: by value

Value specifying whether automatic unshelving is to be turned on or off. The shlvflg argument is a longword containing this value. The value 0 turns automatic unshelving on. The value 1 turns automatic unshelving off.

Description

The Set Automatic Unshelving service controls whether a process automatically unshelves files.
The pidadr and prcnam default to the current process. If the longword at address pidadr is 0, the PID of the target process is returned.
The setting for automatic unshelving is inherited by subprocesses.
The DCL command SET PROCESS/[NO]AUTOUNSHELVE also controls automatic unshelving for a process; refer to the OpenVMS DCL Dictionary for details.
Required Access or Privileges

Depending on the operation, the calling process might need one of the following privileges to use $SETSHLV:

GROUP privilege to modify a process in the same group, unless the target process has the same UIC as the calling process.
WORLD privilege to modify any process in the system.

Required Quota

None
Related Services

$GETJPI

Condition Values Returned

SS$_WASCLR The service completed successfully. Automatic unshelving was previously on.

SS$_WASSET The service completed successfully. Automatic unshelving was previously off.

SS$_ACCVIO An argument was not accessible by the caller.

SS$_BADPARAM The shlvflg argument was invalid.

SS$_IVLOGNAM The prcnam argument was invalid. The process name string had either 0 characters or more than 15 characters.

SS$_NONEXPR The specified process did not exist, or the specified process identification was invalid.

SS$_NOPRIV The caller did not have the privilege to modify other processes.

SS$_REMOTE_PROC The specified process was not on the local node. The service cannot modify a process on a remote node.

$SETSTK

Allows a process to change the size of its supervisor, executive, and kernel stacks by altering the values in the stack limit and base arrays held in P1 (per-process) space.

Format

SYS$SETSTK inadr ,[retadr] ,[acmode]

C Prototype

int sys$setstk (struct _va_range *inadr, struct _va_range *retadr, unsigned int acmode);

Arguments

inadr

OpenVMS usage: address_range

type: longword (unsigned)

access: read only

mechanism: by reference

Range of addresses that express the stack's new limits. The inadr argument is the address of a 2-longword array containing, in order, the address of the top of the stack and the address of the base of the stack. Because stacks in P1 space expand from high to low addresses, the address of the base of the stack must be greater than the address of the top of the stack.
retadr

OpenVMS usage: address_range

type: longword (unsigned)

access: write only

mechanism: by reference

Range of addresses that express the stack's previous limits. The retadr argument is the address of a 2-longword array into which $SETSTK writes, in the first longword, the previous address of the top of the stack and, in the second longword, the previous address of the base of the stack.
acmode

OpenVMS usage: access_mode

type: longword (unsigned)

access: read only

mechanism: by value

Access mode of the stack to be altered. The acmode argument is a longword containing the access mode. The $PSLDEF macro defines symbols for the four access modes. The most privileged access mode used is the access mode of the caller.
If acmode specifies user mode, $SETSTK performs no operation and returns the SS$_NORMAL condition value.

Description

The Set Stack Limits service allows a process to change the size of its supervisor, executive, and kernel stacks by altering the values in the stack limit and base arrays held in P1 (per-process) space.
Required Access or Privileges

The calling process can adjust the size of stacks only for access modes that are equal to or less privileged than the access mode of the calling process.
Required Quota

None
Related Services

$ADJSTK, $ADJWSL, $CRETVA, $CRMPSC, $DELTVA, $DGBLSC, $EXPREG, $LCKPAG, $LKWSET, $MGBLSC, $PURGWS, $SETPRT, $SETSWM, $ULKPAG, $ULWSET, $UPDSEC, $UPDSECW

Condition Values Returned

SS$_NORMAL The service completed successfully.

SS$_ACCVIO The input address array cannot be read by the caller; the input range is invalid; or the return address array cannot be written by the caller.

$SETSWM

Allows a process to control whether it can be swapped out of the balance set.

Format

SYS$SETSWM [swpflg]

C Prototype

int sys$setswm (char swpflg);

Argument

swpflg

OpenVMS usage: longword_unsigned

type: longword (unsigned)

access: read only

mechanism: by value

Indicator specifying whether the process can be swapped. The swpflg argument is a longword value. The value 0 (the default) enables process swap mode, meaning the process can be swapped. The value 1 disables process swap mode, meaning the process cannot be swapped.

Description

The Set Process Swap Mode service allows a process to control whether it can be swapped out of the balance set.
When the process swap mode is enabled, the process can be swapped out; when disabled, the process remains in the balance set until (1) process swap mode is reenabled or (2) the process is deleted.
The $SETSWM service returns a condition value indicating whether process swap mode was enabled or disabled prior to the call to $SETSWM.
Required Access or Privileges

To change its process swap mode, the calling process must have PSWAPM privilege.
Required Quota

None
Related Services

$ADJSTK, $ADJWSL, $CRETVA, $CRMPSC, $DELTVA, $DGBLSC, $EXPREG, $LCKPAG, $LKWSET, $MGBLSC, $PURGWS, $SETPRT, $SETSTK, $ULKPAG, $ULWSET, $UPDSEC, $UPDSECW
To lock some but not necessarily all process pages into the balance set, use the Lock Pages in Memory ($LCKPAG) service.
For more information, see the chapter on memory management in the OpenVMS Programming Concepts Manual.

Condition Values Returned

SS$_WASCLR The service completed successfully. The process was not previously locked in the balance set.

SS$_WASSET The service completed successfully. The process was previously locked in the balance set.

SS$_NOPRIV The process does not have the necessary PSWAPM privilege.

$SETUAI

Modifies the user authorization file (UAF) record for a specified user.

Format

SYS$SETUAI [nullarg] ,[contxt] ,usrnam ,itmlst ,[nullarg] ,[nullarg] ,[nullarg]

C Prototype

int sys$setuai (unsigned int efn, unsigned int *contxt, void *usrnam, void *itmlst, struct _iosb *iosb, void (*astadr)(__unknown_params), int astprm);

Arguments

nullarg

OpenVMS usage: null_arg

type: longword (unsigned)

access: read only

mechanism: by value

Placeholding argument reserved to Compaq.
contxt

OpenVMS usage: longword

type: longword (unsigned)

access: modify

mechanism: by reference

A longword used to maintain authorization file context. The contxt argument is the address of a longword to receive a $SETUAI context value. On the initial call, this longword should contain the value --1. On subsequent calls, the value of the contxt argument from the previous call should be passed back in.
usrnam

OpenVMS usage: char_string

type: character-coded text string

access: read only

mechanism: by descriptor--fixed-length string descriptor

Name of the user whose UAF record is modified. The usrnam argument is the address of a descriptor pointing to a character text string containing the user name. The user name string can contain a maximum of 32 alphanumeric characters.
itmlst

OpenVMS usage: item_list_3

type: longword (unsigned)

access: read only

mechanism: by reference

Item list specifying which information from the specified UAF record is to be modified. The itmlst argument is the address of a list of one or more item descriptors, each of which specifies an item code. The item list is terminated by the item code 0 or by the longword 0.
The following diagram depicts the format of a single item descriptor.

The following table defines the item descriptor fields.

Descriptor Field Definition

Buffer length A word specifying the length (in bytes) of the buffer in which $SETUAI is to write the information. The length of the buffer varies, depending on the item code specified in the item code field of the item descriptor, and is given in the description of each item code. If the value of the buffer length field is too small, $SETUAI truncates the data.

Item code A word containing a user-supplied symbolic code specifying the item of information that $SETUAI is to set. The $UAIDEF macro defines these codes.

Buffer address A longword address of the buffer that specifies the information to be set by $SETUAI.

Return length address A longword containing the user-supplied address of a word in which $SETUAI writes the length in bytes of the information it actually set.

Descriptor Field	Definition
Buffer length	A word specifying the length (in bytes) of the buffer in which $SETUAI is to write the information. The length of the buffer varies, depending on the item code specified in the item code field of the item descriptor, and is given in the description of each item code. If the value of the buffer length field is too small, $SETUAI truncates the data.
Item code	A word containing a user-supplied symbolic code specifying the item of information that $SETUAI is to set. The $UAIDEF macro defines these codes.
Buffer address	A longword address of the buffer that specifies the information to be set by $SETUAI.
Return length address	A longword containing the user-supplied address of a word in which $SETUAI writes the length in bytes of the information it actually set.

The symbolic codes have the following format:

UAI$_code

Item Codes

UAI$_ACCOUNT
When you specify UAI$_ACCOUNT, $SETUAI sets, as a blank-padded 32-character string, the account name of the user.
An account name can include up to 8 characters. Because the account name is a blank-filled string, however, the buffer length field of the item descriptor should specify 32 (bytes).
UAI$_ASTLM
When you specify UAI$_ASTLM, $SETUAI sets the AST queue limit.
Because this decimal number is a word in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 2 (bytes).
UAI$_BATCH_ACCESS_P
When you specify UAI$_BATCH_ACCESS_P, $SETUAI sets, as a 3-byte value, the range of times during which batch access is permitted for primary days. Each bit set represents a 1-hour period, from bit 0 as midnight to 1 a.m., to bit 23 as 11 p.m. to midnight.
The buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 3 (bytes).
UAI$_BATCH_ACCESS_S
When you specify UAI$_BATCH_ACCESS_S, $SETUAI sets, as a 3-byte value, the range of times during which batch access is permitted for secondary days. Each bit set represents a 1-hour period, from bit 0 as midnight to 1 a.m., to bit 23 as 11 p.m. to midnight.
The buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 3 (bytes).
UAI$_BIOLM
When you specify UAI$_BIOLM, $SETUAI sets the buffered I/O count limit.
Because this decimal number is a word in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 2 (bytes).
UAI$_BYTLM
When you specify UAI$_BYTLM, $SETUAI sets the buffered I/O byte limit.
Because the buffered I/O count limit is a longword decimal number, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 4 (bytes).
UAI$_CLITABLES
When you specify UAI$_CLITABLES, $SETUAI sets, as a character string, the name of the user-defined CLI table for the account, if any.
Because the CLI table name can include up to 31 characters plus a size-byte prefix, the buffer length field of the item descriptor should specify 32 (bytes).
UAI$_CPUTIM
When you specify UAI$_CPUTIM, $SETUAI sets the maximum CPU time limit (per session) for the process in 10-millisecond units.
Because the maximum CPU time limit is a longword decimal number, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 4 (bytes).
UAI$_DEFCLI
When you specify UAI$_DEFCLI, $SETUAI sets, as an OpenVMS RMS file name component, the name of the command language interpreter used to execute the specified batch job. The file specification set assumes the device name and directory SYS$SYSTEM and the file type .EXE.
Because a file name can include up to 31 characters plus a size-byte prefix, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 32 (bytes).
UAI$_DEFDEV
When you specify UAI$_DEFDEV, $SETUAI sets, as a 1- to 31-character string, the name of the default device.
Because the device name string can include up to 31 characters plus a size-byte prefix, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 32 (bytes).
UAI$_DEFDIR
When you specify UAI$_DEFDIR, $SETUAI sets, as a 1- to 63-character string, the name of the default directory.
Because the directory name string can include up to 63 characters plus a size-byte prefix, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 64 (bytes).
UAI$_DEF_PRIV
When you specify UAI$_DEF_PRIV, $SETUAI sets, as a quadword value, the default privileges for the user.
Because the default privileges are set as a quadword value, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 8 (bytes).
UAI$_DFWSCNT
When you specify UAI$_DFWSCNT, $SETUAI sets, in pages (on VAX systems) or pagelets (on Alpha systems), the default working set size.
Because the default working set size is a longword decimal number, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 4 (bytes).
UAI$_DIALUP_ACCESS_P
When you specify UAI$_DIALUP_ACCESS_P, $SETUAI sets, as a 3-byte value, the range of times during which dialup access is permitted for primary days. Each bit set represents a 1-hour period, from bit 0 as midnight to 1 a.m., to bit 23 as 11 p.m. to midnight.
The buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 3 (bytes).
UAI$_DIALUP_ACCESS_S
When you specify UAI$_DIALUP_ACCESS_S, $SETUAI sets, as a 3-byte value, the range of times during which dialup access is permitted for secondary days. Each bit set represents a 1-hour period, from bit 0 as midnight to 1 a.m., to bit 23 as 11 p.m. to midnight.
The buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 3 (bytes).
UAI$_DIOLM
When you specify UAI$_DIOLM, $SETUAI sets the direct I/O count limit.
Because this decimal number is a word in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 2 (bytes).
UAI$_ENCRYPT
When you specify UAI$_ENCRYPT, $SETUAI sets one of the values shown in the following table to identify the encryption algorithm for the primary password.

Symbolic Name Description

UAI$C_AD_II Uses a CRC algorithm and returns a longword hash value. It was used in VAX VMS releases prior to Version 2.0.

UAI$C_PURDY Uses a Purdy algorithm over salted input. It expects a blank-padded user name and returns a quadword hash value. This algorithm was used during VAX VMS Version 2.0 field test.

UAI$C_PURDY_V Uses the Purdy algorithm over salted input. It expects a variable-length user name and returns a quadword hash value. This algorithm was used in VMS releases prior to Version 5.4.

UAI$C_PURDY_S Uses the Purdy algorithm over salted input. It expects a variable-length user name and returns a quadword hash value. This is the current algorithm that the operating system uses for all new password changes.

UAI$C_PREFERED_ALGORITHM Represents the latest encryption algorithm that the operating system uses to encrypt new passwords. Currently, it equates to UAI$C_PURDY_S. Compaq recommends that you use this symbol in source modules.

Because the encryption algorithm is a byte in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 1 (byte).
UAI$_ENCRYPT2
When you specify UAI$_ENCRYPT2, $SETUAI sets one of the following values, indicating the encryption algorithm for the secondary password. Refer to the UAI$_ENCRYPT item code for a description of the algorithms.

UAI$C_AD_II
UAI$C_PURDY
UAI$C_PURDY_V
UAI$C_PURDY_S
UAI$C_PREFERED_ALGORITHM

UAI$_ENQLM
When you specify UAI$_ENQLM, $SETUAI sets the lock queue limit.
Because this decimal number is a word in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 2 (bytes).
UAI$_EXPIRATION
When you specify UAI$_EXPIRATION, $SETUAI sets, as a quadword absolute time value, the expiration date and time of the account.
Because the absolute time value is a quadword in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 8 (bytes).
UAI$_FILLM
When you specify UAI$_FILLM, $SETUAI sets the open file limit.
Because this decimal number is a word in length, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 2 (bytes).
UAI$_FLAGS
When you specify UAI$_FLAGS, $SETUAI sets, as a longword bit vector, the various login flags set for the user.
Each flag is represented by a bit. The $UAIDEF macro defines the following symbolic names for these flags.

Symbol Description

UAI$V_AUDIT All actions are audited.

UAI$V_AUTOLOGIN User can only log in to terminals defined by the Automatic Login facility (ALF).

UAI$V_CAPTIVE User is restricted to captive account.

UAI$V_DEFCLI User is restricted to default command interpreter.

UAI$V_DISACNT User account is disabled. Same as /FLAG = DISUSER qualifier in AUTHORIZE.

UAI$V_DISCTLY User cannot use Ctrl/Y.

UAI$V_DISFORCE_PWD_CHANGE User will not be forced to change expired passwords at login.

UAI$V_DISIMAGE User cannot issue the RUN or MCR commands or use the foreign command mechanism in DCL.

UAI$V_DISMAIL Announcement of new mail is suppressed.

UAI$V_DISPWDDIC Automatic checking of user-selected passwords against the system dictionary is disabled.

UAI$V_DISPWDHIS Automatic checking of user-selected passwords against previously used passwords is disabled.

UAI$V_DISRECONNECT User cannot reconnect to existing processes.

UAI$V_DISREPORT User will not receive last login messages.

UAI$V_DISWELCOME User will not receive the login welcome message.

UAI$V_EXTAUTH User is considered externally authenticated by an external user ID and password and not by the SYSUAF user name and password. The SYSUAF record is still used for checking login restrictions and quotas and for creating the user's OpenVMS process profile.

UAI$V_GENPWD User is required to use generated passwords.

UAI$V_LOCKPWD SET PASSWORD command is disabled.

UAI$V_MIGRATEPWD User's SYSUAF password was set using AUTHORIZE or SYS$SETUAI and is likely to be inconsistent with the user's external user password. If password migration is enabled, the system will attempt to update the external authorization service the next time the user attempts a login.

UAI$V_NOMAIL Mail delivery to user is disabled.

UAI$V_PWD_EXPIRED Primary password is expired.

UAI$V_PWD2_EXPIRED Secondary password is expired.

UAI$V_RESTRICTED User is limited to operating under a restricted account. Clear the CAPTIVE flag (UAI$V_CAPTIVE), if set, before setting the RESTRICTED flag. (See the Security Guide for a description of restricted and captive accounts.)

UAI$_JTQUOTA
When you specify UAI$_JTQUOTA, $SETUAI sets the initial byte quota with which the jobwide logical name table is to be created.
Because this quota is a longword decimal number, the buffer length field in the item descriptor should specify 4 (bytes).
UAI$_LASTLOGIN_I
When you specify UAI$_LASTLOGIN_I, $SETUAI sets, as a quadword absolute time value, the date of the last interactive login.
UAI$_LASTLOGIN_N
When you specify UAI$_LASTLOGIN_N, $SETUAI sets, as a quadword absolute time value, the date of the last noninteractive login.
UAI$_LGICMD
When you specify UAI$_LGICMD, $SETUAI sets, as an OpenVMS RMS file specification, the name of the default login command file.
Because a file specification can include up to 63 characters plus a size-byte prefix, the buffer length field of the item descriptor should specify 64 (bytes).
UAI$_LOCAL_ACCESS_P
When you specify UAI$_LOCAL_ACCESS_P, $SETUAI sets, as a 3-byte value, the range of times during which local interactive access is permitted for primary days. Each bit set represents a 1-hour period, from bit 0 as midnight to 1 a.m., to bit 23 as 11 p.m. to midnight.

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OpenVMS usage:	process_id
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	modify
mechanism:	by reference

OpenVMS usage:	process_name
type:	character--coded text string
access:	read only
mechanism:	by descriptor--fixed-length string descriptor

OpenVMS usage:	longword_unsigned
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	read only
mechanism:	by value

SS$_WASCLR	The service completed successfully. Automatic unshelving was previously on.
SS$_WASSET	The service completed successfully. Automatic unshelving was previously off.
SS$_ACCVIO	An argument was not accessible by the caller.
SS$_BADPARAM	The shlvflg argument was invalid.
SS$_IVLOGNAM	The prcnam argument was invalid. The process name string had either 0 characters or more than 15 characters.
SS$_NONEXPR	The specified process did not exist, or the specified process identification was invalid.
SS$_NOPRIV	The caller did not have the privilege to modify other processes.
SS$_REMOTE_PROC	The specified process was not on the local node. The service cannot modify a process on a remote node.

OpenVMS usage:	address_range
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	read only
mechanism:	by reference

OpenVMS usage:	access_mode
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	read only
mechanism:	by value

SS$_NORMAL	The service completed successfully.
SS$_ACCVIO	The input address array cannot be read by the caller; the input range is invalid; or the return address array cannot be written by the caller.

SS$_WASCLR	The service completed successfully. The process was not previously locked in the balance set.
SS$_WASSET	The service completed successfully. The process was previously locked in the balance set.
SS$_NOPRIV	The process does not have the necessary PSWAPM privilege.

OpenVMS usage:	null_arg
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	read only
mechanism:	by value

OpenVMS usage:	longword
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	modify
mechanism:	by reference

OpenVMS usage:	char_string
type:	character-coded text string
access:	read only
mechanism:	by descriptor--fixed-length string descriptor

OpenVMS usage:	item_list_3
type:	longword (unsigned)
access:	read only
mechanism:	by reference

Symbolic Name	Description
UAI$C_AD_II	Uses a CRC algorithm and returns a longword hash value. It was used in VAX VMS releases prior to Version 2.0.
UAI$C_PURDY	Uses a Purdy algorithm over salted input. It expects a blank-padded user name and returns a quadword hash value. This algorithm was used during VAX VMS Version 2.0 field test.
UAI$C_PURDY_V	Uses the Purdy algorithm over salted input. It expects a variable-length user name and returns a quadword hash value. This algorithm was used in VMS releases prior to Version 5.4.
UAI$C_PURDY_S	Uses the Purdy algorithm over salted input. It expects a variable-length user name and returns a quadword hash value. This is the current algorithm that the operating system uses for all new password changes.
UAI$C_PREFERED_ALGORITHM	Represents the latest encryption algorithm that the operating system uses to encrypt new passwords. Currently, it equates to UAI$C_PURDY_S. Compaq recommends that you use this symbol in source modules.

Symbol	Description
UAI$V_AUDIT	All actions are audited.
UAI$V_AUTOLOGIN	User can only log in to terminals defined by the Automatic Login facility (ALF).
UAI$V_CAPTIVE	User is restricted to captive account.
UAI$V_DEFCLI	User is restricted to default command interpreter.
UAI$V_DISACNT	User account is disabled. Same as /FLAG = DISUSER qualifier in AUTHORIZE.
UAI$V_DISCTLY	User cannot use Ctrl/Y.
UAI$V_DISFORCE_PWD_CHANGE	User will not be forced to change expired passwords at login.
UAI$V_DISIMAGE	User cannot issue the RUN or MCR commands or use the foreign command mechanism in DCL.
UAI$V_DISMAIL	Announcement of new mail is suppressed.
UAI$V_DISPWDDIC	Automatic checking of user-selected passwords against the system dictionary is disabled.
UAI$V_DISPWDHIS	Automatic checking of user-selected passwords against previously used passwords is disabled.
UAI$V_DISRECONNECT	User cannot reconnect to existing processes.
UAI$V_DISREPORT	User will not receive last login messages.
UAI$V_DISWELCOME	User will not receive the login welcome message.
UAI$V_EXTAUTH	User is considered externally authenticated by an external user ID and password and not by the SYSUAF user name and password. The SYSUAF record is still used for checking login restrictions and quotas and for creating the user's OpenVMS process profile.
UAI$V_GENPWD	User is required to use generated passwords.
UAI$V_LOCKPWD	SET PASSWORD command is disabled.
UAI$V_MIGRATEPWD	User's SYSUAF password was set using AUTHORIZE or SYS$SETUAI and is likely to be inconsistent with the user's external user password. If password migration is enabled, the system will attempt to update the external authorization service the next time the user attempts a login.
UAI$V_NOMAIL	Mail delivery to user is disabled.
UAI$V_PWD_EXPIRED	Primary password is expired.
UAI$V_PWD2_EXPIRED	Secondary password is expired.
UAI$V_RESTRICTED	User is limited to operating under a restricted account. Clear the CAPTIVE flag (UAI$V_CAPTIVE), if set, before setting the RESTRICTED flag. (See the Security Guide for a description of restricted and captive accounts.)