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Updated: 11 December 1998

OpenVMS Programming Concepts Manual


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9.4.3 Pasteboards

Use the SMG$CREATE_PASTEBOARD routine to create a pasteboard and associate it with a physical device. SMG$CREATE_PASTEBOARD returns a unique pasteboard identification number; use that number to refer to the pasteboard in subsequent calls to SMG$ routines. After associating a pasteboard with a device, your program references only the pasteboard. The screen management facility performs all necessary operations between the pasteboard and the physical device. Example 9-4 creates a pasteboard.

Example 9-4 Creating a Pasteboard

STATUS = SMG$CREATE_PASTEBOARD (PBID, ROWS, COLUMNS) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
 

9.4.3.1 Erasing a Pasteboard

When you create a pasteboard, the screen management facility clears the screen by default. To clear the screen yourself, invoke the SMG$ERASE_PASTEBOARD routine. Any virtual displays associated with the pasteboard are removed from the screen, but their contents in memory are not affected. The following example erases the screen:


STATUS = SMG$ERASE_PASTEBOARD (PBID) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 

9.4.3.2 Deleting a Pasteboard

Invoking the SMG$DELETE_PASTEBOARD routine deletes a pasteboard, making the screen unavailable for further pasting. The optional second argument of the SMG$DELETE_PASTEBOARD routine allows you to indicate whether the routine clears the screen (the default) or leaves it as is. The following example deletes a pasteboard and clears the screen:


STATUS = SMG$DELETE_PASTEBOARD (PBID) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 

By default, the screen is erased when you create a pasteboard. Generally, you should erase the screen at the end of a session.

9.4.3.3 Setting Screen Dimensions and Background Color

The SMG$CHANGE_PBD_CHARACTERISTICS routine sets the dimensions of the screen and its background color. You can also use this routine to retrieve dimensions and background color. To get more detailed information about the physical device, use the SMG$GET_PASTEBOARD_ATTRIBUTES routine. Example 9-5 changes the screen width to 132 and the background to white, then restores the original width and background before exiting.

Example 9-5 Modifying Screen Dimensions and Background Color

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   .
   .
INTEGER*4 WIDTH, 
2         COLOR 
INCLUDE   '($SMGDEF)' 
! Get current width and background color 
STATUS = SMG$CHANGE_PBD_CHARACTERISTICS (PBID,, 
2                                        WIDTH,,,, 
2                                        COLOR) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
! Change width and background color 
STATUS = SMG$CHANGE_PBD_CHARACTERISTICS (PBID, 
2                                        132,,,, 
2                                        SMG$C_COLOR_WHITE) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
   .
   .
   .
! Restore width and background color 
STATUS = SMG$CHANGE_PBD_CHARACTERISTICS (PBID, 
2                                        WIDTH,,,, 
2                                        COLOR) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 

9.4.4 Virtual Displays

You write to virtual displays, which are logically configured as rectangles, by using the SMG$ routines. The dimensions of a virtual display are designated vertically as rows and horizontally as columns. A position in a virtual display is designated by naming a row and a column. Row and column numbers begin at 1.

9.4.4.1 Creating a Virtual Display

Use the SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY routine to create a virtual display. SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY returns a unique virtual display identification number; use that number to refer to the virtual display.

Optionally, you can use the fifth argument of SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY to specify one or more of the following video attributes: blinking, bolding, reversing background, and underlining. All characters written to that display will have the specified attribute unless you indicate otherwise when writing text to the display. The following example makes everything written to the display HEADER_VDID appear bold by default:


INCLUDE '($SMGDEF)' 
   .
   .
   .
STATUS = SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (1,   ! Rows 
2                                    80,  ! Columns 
2                                    HEADER_VDID,, 
2                                    SMG$M_BOLD) 

You can border a virtual display by specifying the fourth argument when you invoke SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY. You can label the border with the routine SMG$LABEL_BORDER. If you use a border, you must leave room for it: a border requires two rows and two columns more than the size of the display. The following example places a labeled border around the STATS_VDID display. As pasted, the border occupies rows 2 and 13 and columns 1 and 57.


STATUS = SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (10,  ! Rows 
2                                    55,  ! Columns 
2                                    STATS_VDID, 
2                                    SMG$M_BORDER) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
STATUS = SMG$LABEL_BORDER (STATS_VDID, 
2                          'statistics') 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
STATUS = SMG$PASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (STATS_VDID, 
2                                   PBID, 
2                                   3,  ! Row 
2                                   2)  ! Column 

9.4.4.2 Pasting Virtual Displays

To make a virtual display visible, paste it to a pasteboard using the SMG$PASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY routine. You position the virtual display by specifying which row and column of the pasteboard should contain the upper left corner of the display. Example 9-6 defines two virtual displays and pastes them to one pasteboard.

Example 9-6 Defining and Pasting a Virtual Display

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INCLUDE '($SMGDEF)' 
INTEGER*4 PBID, 
2         HEADER_VDID, 
2         STATS_VDID 
INTEGER*4 STATUS, 
2         SMG$CREATE_PASTEBOARD, 
2         SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY, 
2         SMG$PASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY 
! Create pasteboard for SYS$OUTPUT 
STATUS = SMG$CREATE_PASTEBOARD (PBID) 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
! Header pastes to first rows of screen 
STATUS = SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (3,             ! Rows 
2                                    78,            ! Columns 
2                                    HEADER_VDID,   ! Name 
2                                    SMG$M_BORDER)  ! Border 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
STATUS = SMG$PASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (HEADER_VDID, 
2                                   PBID, 
2                                   2,              ! Row 
2                                   2)              ! Column 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
! Statistics area pastes to rows 5 through 15, 
! columns 2 through 56 
STATUS = SMG$CREATE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (10,            ! Rows 
2                                    55,            ! Columns 
2                                    STATS_VDID,    ! Name 
2                                    SMG$M_BORDER)  ! Border 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
STATUS = SMG$PASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (STATS_VDID, 
2                                   PBID, 
2                                   5,              ! Row 
2                                   2)              ! Column 
IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
   .
   .
   .

Figure 9-1 shows the screen that results from Example 9-6.

Figure 9-1 Defining and Pasting Virtual Displays


You can paste a single display to any number of pasteboards. Any time you change the display, all pasteboards containing the display are automatically updated.

A pasteboard can hold any number of virtual displays. You can paste virtual displays over one another to any depth, occluding the displays underneath. The displays underneath are only occluded to the extent that they are covered; that is, the parts not occluded remain visible on the screen. (In Figure 9-2, displays 1 and 2 are partially occluded.) When you unpaste a virtual display that occludes another virtual display, the occluded part of the display underneath becomes visible again.

You can find out whether a display is occluded by using the SMG$CHECK_FOR_OCCLUSION routine. The following example pastes a two-row summary display over the last two rows of the statistics display, if the statistics display is not already occluded. If the statistics display is occluded, the example assumes that it is occluded by the summary display and unpastes the summary display, making the last two rows of the statistics display visible again.


  STATUS = SMG$CHECK_FOR_OCCLUSION (STATS_VDID, 
2                                   PBID, 
2                                   OCCLUDE_STATE) 
! OCCLUDE_STATE must be defined as INTEGER*4 
  IF (OCCLUDE_STATE) THEN 
    STATUS = SMG$UNPASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (SUM_VDID, 
2                                         PBID) 
    IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
  ELSE 
    STATUS = SMG$PASTE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (SUM_VDID, 
2                                       PBID, 
2                                       11, 
2                                       2) 
    IF (.NOT. STATUS) CALL LIB$SIGNAL (%VAL (STATUS)) 
  END IF 

9.4.4.3 Rearranging Virtual Displays

Pasted displays can be rearranged by moving or repasting.

You can obtain the pasting order of the virtual displays using SMG$LIST_PASTING_ORDER. This routine returns the identifiers of all the virtual displays pasted to a specified pasteboard.

9.4.4.4 Removing Virtual Displays

You can remove a virtual display from a pasteboard in a number of different ways:

9.4.4.5 Modifying a Virtual Display

The screen management facility provides several routines for modifying the characteristics of an existing virtual display:

The following example uses SMG$CHANGE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY to change the size of the WHOOPS display to five rows and seven columns and to turn off all of the display's default video attributes. If you decrease the size of a display that is on the screen, any characters in the excess area are removed from the screen.


STATUS = SMG$CHANGE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY (WHOOPS_VDID, 
2                                    5,  ! Rows 
2                                    7,, ! Columns 
2                                    0)  ! Video attributes off 

The following example uses SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION to direct attention to the first 20 columns of the statistics display by setting the reverse video attribute to the complement of the display's default setting for that attribute:


STATUS = SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION (STATS_VDID, 
2                              1,             ! Row 
2                              1,             ! Column 
2                              10,            ! Number of rows 
2                              20,            ! Number of columns 
2                              ,              ! Video-set argument 
2                              SMG$M_REVERSE) ! Video-comp argument 
2 

SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION uses three sets of video attributes to determine the attributes to apply to the specified portion of the display: (1) the display's default video attributes, (2) the attributes specified by the rendition-set argument of SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION, and (3) the attributes specified by the rendition-complement argument of SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION. Table 9-2 shows the result of each possible combination.

Table 9-2 Setting Video Attributes
rendition-set rendition-complement Result
off off Uses display default
on off Sets attribute
off on Uses the complement of display default
on on Clears attribute

In the preceding example, the reverse video attribute is set in the rendition-complement argument but not in the rendition-set argument, thus specifying that SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION use the complement of the display's default setting to ensure that the selected portion of the display is easily seen.

Note that the resulting attributes are based on the display's default attributes, not its current attributes. If you use SMG$ routines that explicitly set video attributes, the current attributes of the display may not match its default attributes.

9.4.4.6 Using Spawned Subprocesses

You can create a spawned subprocess directly with an SMG$ routine to allow execution of a DCL command from an application. Only one spawned subprocess is allowed per virtual display. Use the following routines to work with subprocesses:

9.4.5 Viewports

Viewports allow you to view different pieces of a virtual display by moving a rectangular area around on the virtual display. Only one viewport is allowed for each virtual display. Once you have associated a viewport with a virtual display, the only part of the virtual display that is viewable is contained in the viewport.

The SMG$ routines for working with viewports include the following:

9.4.6 Writing Text to Virtual Display

The SMG$ output routines allow you to write text to displays and to delete or modify the existing text of a display. Remember that changes to a virtual display are visible only if the virtual display is pasted to a pasteboard.

9.4.6.1 Positioning the Cursor

Each virtual display has its own logical cursor position. You can control the position of the cursor in a virtual display with the following routines:

In addition, many routines permit you to specify a starting location other than the current cursor position for the operation.

The SMG$RETURN_CURSOR_POS routine returns the row and column of the current cursor position within a virtual display. You do not have to write special code to track the cursor position.

Typically, the physical cursor is at the logical cursor position of the most recently written-to display. If necessary, you can use the SMG$SET_PHYSICAL_CURSOR routine to set the physical cursor location.

9.4.6.2 Writing Data Character by Character

If you are writing character by character (see Section 9.4.6.3 for line-oriented output), you can use three routines:

These routines are simple and precise. They place exactly the specified characters on the screen, starting at a specified position in a virtual display. Anything currently in the positions written-to is overwritten; no other positions on the screen are affected. Convert numeric data to character data with language I/O statements before invoking SMG$PUT_CHARS.

The following example converts an integer to a character string and places it at a designated position in a virtual display:


CHARACTER*4 HOUSE_NO_STRING 
INTEGER*4   HOUSE_NO, 
2           LINE_NO, 
2           STATS_VDID 
   .
   .
   .
WRITE (UNIT=HOUSE_NO_STRING, 
2      FMT='(I4)') HOUSE_NO 
STATUS = SMG$PUT_CHARS (STATS_VDID, 
2                       HOUSE_NO_STRING, 
2                       LINE_NO,  ! Row 
2                       1)        ! Column 

Note that the converted integer is right-justified from column 4 because the format specification is I4 and the full character string is written. To left-justify a converted number, you must locate the first nonblank character and write a substring starting with that character and ending with the last character.

Inserting and Overwriting Text

To insert characters rather than overwrite the current contents of the screen, use the routine SMG$INSERT_CHARS. Existing characters at the location written to are shifted to the right. Characters pushed out of the display are truncated; no wrapping occurs and the cursor remains at the end of the last character inserted.

Specifying Double-Size Characters

In addition to the preceding routines, you can use SMG$PUT_CHARS_WIDE to write characters to the screen in double width or SMG$PUT_CHARS_HIGHWIDE to write characters to the screen in double height and double width. When you use these routines, you must allot two spaces for each double-width character on the line and two lines for each line of double-height characters. You cannot mix single-and double-size characters on a line.

All the character routines provide rendition-set and rendition-complement arguments, which allow you to specify special video attributes for the characters being written. SMG$PUT_CHARS_MULTI allows you to specify more than one video attribute at a time. The explanation of the SMG$CHANGE_RENDITION routine in Section 9.4.4.5 discusses how to use rendition-set and rendition-complement arguments.


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