Updated: 11 December 1998

OpenVMS I/O User's Reference Manual

In a dual-path configuration of MicroVAX 3300/3400 CPUs or MicroVAX 3800/3900 CPUs using RF-series disks, CPUs have concurrent access to any disk on the DSSI bus. A single disk is accessed through two paths and can be served to all satellites by either CPU.

If either CPU fails, satellites can access their disks through the remaining CPU. Note that failover occurs in the following situations: (1) when the DSSI bus is connected between SII integral adapters on both MicroVAX 3300/3400 CPUs or (2) when the DSSI bus is connected between the KFQSA adapters on pairs of MicroVAX 3300/3400s or pairs of MicroVAX 3800/3900s.

A data check is made after successful completion of a read or write operation and, except for the TU58, compares the data in memory with the data on disk to make sure they match.

Disk drivers support data checks at the following levels:

• Per request---You can specify the data check function modifier (IO$M_DATACHECK) on a read logical block, write logical block, read virtual block, write virtual block, read physical block, or write physical block operation. IO$M_DATACHECK is not supported for the RX01 and RX01 drivers.
• Per volume---You can specify the characteristics "data check all reads" and "data check all writes" when the volume is mounted. The OpenVMS DCL Dictionary describes volume mounting and dismounting. The OpenVMS System Services Reference Manual describes the Mount Volume ($MOUNT) and Dismount Volume ($DISMOU) system services.
• Per file---You can specify the file access attributes "data check on read" and "data check on write." File access attributes are specified when the file is accessed. Chapter 1 of this manual and the OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual describe file access.

Offset recovery is performed during a data check but error code correction (ECC) correction is not performed (see Section 2.2.9). For example, if a read operation is performed and an ECC correction is applied, the data check would fail even though the data in memory is correct. In this case, the driver returns a status code indicating that the operation was completed successfully, but the data check could not be performed because of an ECC correction.

Data checks on read operations are extremely rare, and you can either accept the data as is, treat the ECC correction as an error, or accept the data but immediately move it to another area on the disk volume.

A data check operation directed to a TU58 does not compare the data in memory with the data on tape. Instead, either a read check or a write check operation is performed (see Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2).

2.2.7 Effects of a Failure During an I/O Write Operation

The operating system ensures that when an I/O write operation returns a successful completion status, the data is available on the disk or tape media. Applications that must guarantee the successful completion of a write operation can verify that the data is on the media by specifying the data check function modifier IO$M_DATACHECK. Note that the IO$M_DATACHECK data check function, which compares the data in memory with the data on disk, affects performance because the function incurs the overhead of an additional read operation to the media.

If a system failure occurs while a multiple-block write operation is in progress, the operating system does not guarantee the successful completion of the write operation. (OpenVMS does guarantee single-block write operations to DSA drives.) When a failure interrupts a write operation, the data may be left in any one of the following conditions:

• The new data is written completely to the disk blocks on the media, but a completion status was not returned before the failure.
• The new data is partially written to the media so that some of the disk blocks involved in the I/O contain the data from the write operation in progress, and the remainder of the blocks contain the data that was present before the write operation.
• The new data was never written to the disk blocks on the media.

To guarantee that a write operation either finishes successfully or (in the event of failure) is redone or rolled back as if it were never started, use additional techniques to ensure data correctness and recovery. For example, using database journaling and recovery techniques allows applications to recover automatically from failures such as the following:

• Permanent loss of the path between a CPU data buffer containing the data being written and the disk being written to during a multiple-block I/O operation. Communication path loss can occur due to node or controller failure or a failure of node-to-node communications.
• Failure of a CPU (such as a system failure, system halt, power failure, or system shutdown) during a multiple-block write operation.
• Mistaken deletion of a file.
• Corruption of file system pointers.
• File corruption due to a software error or incomplete bucket write operation to an indexed file.
• Cancellation of an in-progress multiple-block write operation.

A seek operation involves moving the disk read/write heads to a specific place on the disk without any transfer of data. All transfer functions, including data checks, are preceded by an implicit seek operation (except when the seek is inhibited by the physical I/O function modifier IO$M_INHSEEK). Seek operations can be overlapped except on RL02, RX01, RX02, TU58 drives, MicroVAX 2000, VAXstation 2000, or on controllers with floppy disks (for example, RQDX3) when the disk is executing I/O requests. That is, when one drive performs a seek operation, any number of other drives can also perform seek operations.

During the seek operation, the controller is free to perform transfers on other units. Therefore, seek operations can also overlap data transfer operations. For example, at any one time, seven seeks and one data transfer could be in progress on a single controller.

This overlapping is possible because, unlike I/O transfers, seek operations do not require the controller once they are initiated. Therefore, seeks are initiated before I/O transfers and other functions that require the controller for extended periods.

All DSA controllers perform extensive seek optimization functions as part of their operation; IO$M_INHSEEK has no effect on these controllers.

2.2.9 Error Recovery

Error recovery in the operating system is aimed at performing all possible operations to complete an I/O operation successfully. Error recovery operations fall into the following categories:

• Handling special conditions such as power failure and interrupt timeout.
• Retrying nonfatal controller and drive errors. For DSA and SCSI disks, this function is implemented by the controller.
• Applying error correction information (not applicable for RB02, RL02, RX01, RX02, and TU58 drives). For DSA and SCSI disks, error correction is implemented by the controller.
• Offsetting read heads to try to obtain a stronger recorded signal (not applicable for RB02, RL02, RB80, RM80, RX01, RX02, and TU58 drives). For DSA and SCSI disks, this function is implemented by the controller.

The error recovery algorithm uses a combination of these four types of error recovery operations to complete an I/O operation:

• Power failure recovery consists of waiting for mounted drives to spin up and come on line, followed by reexecution of the I/O operation that was in progress at the time of the power failure.
• Device timeout is treated as a nonfatal error. The operation that was in progress when the timeout occurred is reexecuted up to eight times before a timeout error is returned.
• Nonfatal controller/drive errors are executed up to eight times before a fatal error is returned.
• All normal error recovery procedures (nonspecial conditions) can be inhibited by specifying the inhibit retry function modifier (IO$M_INHRETRY). If any error occurs and this modifier is specified, the virtual, logical, or physical I/O operation is immediately terminated, and a failure status is returned. This modifier has no effect on power recovery and timeout recovery.

Skip sectoring is a bad block treatment technique implemented on R80 disk drives (the RB80 and RM80 drives). In each track of 32 sectors, one sector is reserved for bad block replacement. Consequently, an R80 drive has available only 31 sectors per track. The Get Device/Volume Information ($GETDVI) system service returns this value.

You can detect bad blocks when a disk is formatted. Most formatters place these blocks in a bad block file. On an R80 drive, the first bad block encountered on a track is designated as a skip sector. This is accomplished by setting a flag in the sector header on the disk and placing the block in the skip sector file.

When a skip sector is encountered during a data transfer, it is skipped over, and all remaining blocks in the track are shifted by one physical block. For example, if block number 10 is a skip sector, and a transfer request was made beginning at block 8 for four blocks, then blocks 8, 9, 11, and 12 will be transferred. Block 10 will be skipped.

Because skip sectors are implemented at the device driver level, they are not visible to you. The device appears to have 31 contiguous sectors per track. Sector 32 is not directly addressable, although it is accessed if a skip sector is present on the track.

2.2.10 Logical-to-Physical Translation (RX01 and RX02)

Logical-block-to-physical-sector translation on RX01 and RX02 drives adheres to the standard format. For each 512-byte logical block selected, the driver reads or writes four 128-byte physical sectors (or two 256-byte physical sectors if an RX02 is in double-density mode). To minimize rotational latency, the physical sectors are interleaved. Interleaving allows the processor time to complete a sector transfer before the next sector in the block reaches the read/write heads. To allow for track-to-track switch time, the next logical sector that falls on a new track is skewed by six sectors. (There is no interleaving or skewing on read physical block and write physical block I/O operations.) Logical blocks are allocated starting at track 1; track 0 is not used.

The translation procedure, in more precise terms, is as follows:

1. Compute an uncorrected medium address using the following dimensions:
   Number of sectors per track = 26
   Number of tracks per cylinder = 1
   Number of cylinders per disk = 77
2. Correct the computed address for interleaving and track-to-track skew (in that order) as shown in the following DEC Fortran for OpenVMS statements. ISECT is the sector address and ICYL is the cylinder address computed in Step 1.
   Interleaving: ITEMP = ISECT*2
   IF (ISECT .GT. 12) ITEMP = ITEMP-25
   ISECT = ITEMP
   Skew:
   ISECT = ISECT+(6*ICYL)
   ISECT = MOD (ISECT, 26)
   
3. Set the sector number in the range of 1 through 26 as required by the hardware:

   ISECT = ISECT+1

4. Adjust the cylinder number to cylinder 1 (cylinder 0 is not used):

   ICYL = ICYL+1

The DIGITAL Storage Architecture (DSA) is a collection of specifications that cover all aspects of a mass storage product. The specifications are grouped into the following general categories:

• Media format---Describes the structure of sectors on a disk and the algorithms for replacing bad blocks
• Drive-to-controller interconnect---Describes the connection between a drive and its controller
• Controller-to-host communications---Describes how hosts request controllers to transfer data

Because the operating system supports all DSA disks, it supports all controller-to-host aspects of DSA. Some of these disks, such as the RA60, RA80, and RA81, use the standard drive-to-controller specifications. Other disks, such as the RC25, RD51, RD52, RD53, and RX50, do not. Disk systems that use the standard drive-to-controller specifications employ the same hardware connections and use the HSC50, KDA50, KDB50, and UDA50 interchangeably. Disk systems that do not use the drive-to-controller specifications provide their own internal controller, which conforms to the controller-to-host specifications.

DSA disks differ from MASSBUS and UNIBUS disks in the following ways:

• DSA disks contain no bad blocks. The hardware and the disk class driver (DUDRIVER) function to ensure a logically contiguous range of good blocks. If any block in the user area of the disk develops a defective area, all further access to that block is revectored to a spare good block. Consequently, it is never necessary to run the Bad Block Locator utility (BAD) on DSA disks. There is no manufacturer's bad block list and the file BADBLK.SYS is empty. (The Verify utility, which is invoked by the ANALYZE /DISK_STRUCTURE /READ_CHECK command, can be used to check the integrity of newly received disks.) See Section 2.2.11.1 for more information about bad block replacement for DSA disks.
• Insert a WAIT statement in your SYSTARTUP_V5.COM file on VAX systems, or your SYSTARTUP_VMS.COM file on Alpha systems, prior to the first MOUNT statement for a DSA disk. The wait period should be about 2 to 4 seconds for the UDA50 and about 30 seconds for the HSC50. The wait time is controller-dependent and can be as much as several minutes if the controller is offline or otherwise inoperative. If this wait is omitted, the MOUNT request may fail with a "no such device" status.
• The DUDRIVER and the DSA device controllers allow multiple, concurrently outstanding QIO requests. The order in which these requests complete might not be in the order in which they were issued.
• All DSA disks can be dual-ported, but only one HSC/UDA controller can control a disk at a time (see Section 2.2.3).
• In many cases, you can attach a DSA disk to its controller on a running system and then use it without manual intervention.
• DSA disks and the DUDRIVER do not accept physical QIO data transfers or seek operations.

Disks that are built according to the DSA specifications appear to be error free. Some number of logical blocks are always capable of recording data. When a disk is formatted, every user-addressable logical block is mapped to a functioning portion of the actual disk surface, which is known as a physical block. The physical block has the true data storage capacity represented by the logical block.

Additional physical blocks are set aside to replace blocks that fail during normal disk operations. These extra physical blocks are called replacement blocks. Whenever a physical block to which a logical block is mapped begins to fail, the associated logical block is remapped (revectored) to one of the replacement blocks. The process that revectors logical blocks is called a bad block replacement operation. Bad block replacement operations use data stored in a special area of the disk called the Replacement and Caching Table (RCT).

When a drive-dependent error threshold is reached, the need for a bad block replacement operation is declared. Depending on the controller involved, the bad block replacement operation is performed either by the controller itself (as is the case with HSCs) or by the host (as is the case with UDAs). In either case, the same steps are performed. After inspecting and altering the RCT, the failing block is read and its contents are stored in a reserved section of the RCT.

The design goal of DSA disks is that this read operation proceeds without error and that the RCT copy of the data is correct (as it was originally written). The failing block is then tested with one or more data patterns. If no errors are encountered in this test, the original data is copied back to the original block and no further action is taken. If the data-pattern test fails, the logical block is revectored to a replacement block. After the block is revectored, the original data is copied back to the revectored logical block. In all these cases, the original data is preserved and the bad block replacement operation occurs without the user being aware that it happened.

However, if the original data cannot be read from the failing block, a best-attempt copy of the data is stored in the RCT and the bad block replacement operation proceeds. When the time comes to write-back the original data, the best-attempt data (stored in the RCT) is written back with the forced error flag set. The forced error flag is a signal that the data read is questionable. Reading a block that contains a forced error flag causes the status SS$_FORCEDERROR to be returned. This status is displayed by the following message:

%SYSTEM-F-FORCEDERROR, forced error flagged in last sector read

Writing into a block always clears the forced error flag.

Note that most utilities and DCL commands treat the forced error flag as a fatal error and terminate operation when they encounter it. However, the Backup utility (BACKUP) continues to operate in the presence of most errors, including the forced error. BACKUP continues to process the file, and the forced error flag is lost. Thus, data that was formerly marked as questionable may become correct data.

System managers (and other users of BACKUP) should assume that forced errors reported by BACKUP signal possible degradation of the data.

To determine what, if any, blocks on a given disk volume have the forced error flag set, use the ANALYZE /DISK_STRUCTURE /READ_CHECK command, which invokes the Verify utility. The Verify utility reads every logical block allocated to every file on the disk and then reports (but ignores) any forced error blocks encountered.

2.2.12 VAXstation 2000 and MicroVAX 2000 Disk Driver

The VAXstation 2000 and MicroVAX 2000 disk driver supports some DSA disk operation. In particular, the driver supports block revectoring and bad block replacement. This provides the system with a logically perfect disk medium.

Like other DSA disks, if a serious error occurs during a replacement operation, the disk is write-locked to prevent further changes. This is done to preserve data integrity and minimize damage that could be caused by failing hardware. Unlike other DSA disks, there is no visible indication on the drive itself that the disk is write-locked. However, the following indicators help you determine that the disk has become write-protected:

• ERRFMT messages show that the disk is write-locked.
• The disk enters mount verification and hangs.
• DCL command SHOW DEVICE output shows that the disk is write-locked.
• Error messages occur from programs and utilities attempting to write to the disk.

If the disk becomes write-locked, you should use the following procedure:

1. Shut down the system.
2. Use standalone BACKUP to create a full backup of the disk.
3. Format the disk with the disk formatter.
4. Restore the disk from the backup using standalone BACKUP. Note that any files with sectors flagged with a forced error may be corrupted and may need to be restored from a previous backup.

If errors occurring during replacement operations persist, call Compaq Customer Services.

2.2.13 SCSI Disk Class Driver

The VAXstation 3100, 3520, and 3540 contain a SCSI bus that provides access to as many as seven SCSI disks. The SCSI disk class driver controls SCSI disks on all of the above systems. Although, SCSI disks do not conform to DSA, they do support the following error recovery features:

• Static and dynamic bad block replacement (BBR)
• Error correction code (ECC)
• Reexecution of read or write operations within the SCSI drive
• Reexecution of read or write operations by the SCSI disk class driver

All SCSI disks supplied by Compaq implement the REASSIGN BLOCKS command, which relocates data for a specific logical block to a different physical location on the disk. The SCSI disk class driver reassigns the block in the following instances: (1) when the retry threshold is exceeded during an attempt to read or write a block of data on the disk or (2) when an irrecoverable error occurs during a write operation.

Unlike DSA, there is no forced error flag in SCSI. Blocks that produce irrecoverable errors during read operations are not reassigned in order to prevent undetected loss of user data. Instead, the SCSI disk class driver returns the SS$_PARITY status whenever a read operation results in an irrecoverable error.

2.2.14 Audio Extensions to the SCSI Disk Class Driver

This section describes SCSI disk class driver audio commands and the $QIO interface by which the operating system provides audio functionality to the SCSI disk.

Table 2-1 lists the SCSI audio commands supported by the SCSI disk class driver.

Table 2-1 SCSI Disk Class Driver Audio Commands

Command	Audio Function Code1	Description
Play Audio MSF	AUDIO_PLAY_AUDIO_MSF (5)	Requests the CD-ROM to begin an audio playback operation. The two required command arguments specify absolute starting and ending addresses of the playback in terms of minutes, seconds, and frame (MSF).
Play Audio Track	AUDIO_PLAY_AUDIO_TRACK (6)	Requests the CD-ROM to begin an audio playback operation. The two required command arguments specify the starting and ending tracks of the playback in terms of track number and index.
Play Audio	AUDIO_PLAY_AUDIO (4)	Requests the CD-ROM to begin an audio playback operation. The two required command arguments specify the starting logical block address (LBA) and the transfer count, in blocks, of the playback.
Pause	AUDIO_PAUSE (0)	Requests the CD-ROM to suspend any active audio operations. In response, the CD-ROM enters the hold-track state, muting the audio output after playing the current block.
Resume	AUDIO_RESUME (1)	Requests the CD-ROM to resume any active audio operations. In response, the CD-ROM exits the hold-track state and resumes playback at the block following the last block played.
Get Status	AUDIO_GET_STATUS (9)	Requests from the CD-ROM the status of the currently active playback operation, as well as the state of the current block. The Get Status command corresponds to the SCSI II Read Sub-channel command (READ SUBQ)
Set Volume	AUDIO_SET_VOLUME (11)	Requests the CD-ROM to adjust the output channel selection and volume settings for ports 0 through 3. The Set Volume command corresponds to the SCSI II Mode Select command for the CD-ROM Audio Control Parameters page.
Get Volume	AUDIO_GET_VOLUME (12)	Requests from the CD-ROM the output channel selection and volume settings for ports 0 through 3. The Get Volume command corresponds to the SCSI II Mode Sense command for the CD-ROM Audio Control Parameters page.
Prevent Removal	AUDIO_PREVENT_REMOVAL (2)	Prevents the removal of the CD caddy from the CD-ROM drive.
Allow Removal	AUDIO_ALLOW_REMOVAL (3)	Allows the removal of the CD caddy from the CD-ROM drive.
Get TOC	AUDIO_GET_TOC (10)	Requests from the CD-ROM a list of each track on the disk, including information about the audio or data contents of each track. Applications that require a detailed knowledge of the organization of a CD-ROM can use this function to obtain that information. The Get TOC command corresponds to the SCSI II Read TOC command.

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